The Flu Pandemic

Question 1

What was the estimated death toll of the 1918 flu pandemic?

Answer 1

50-100 million individuals

This represented 3-6% of the global population at the time.

Question 2

How many people were infected during the 1918 flu pandemic?

Answer 2

500 million people (~30% of the population)

This indicates the pandemic’s extensive reach.

Question 3

In what years did the 1918 flu pandemic occur?

Answer 3

1918-1920

Question 4

What are the three genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family that infect humans?

Answer 4

• Influenza A
• Influenza B
• Influenza C

Question 5

What is the significance of haemagglutinin in the influenza virus?

Answer 5

Essential for the infection of vertebrate cells

It binds to sialic acid on cell surfaces and triggers endocytosis.

Question 6

What was the first identified strain associated with the 1918 flu pandemic?

Answer 6

H1N1 Influenza A

Question 7

What was the R number (reproduction number) of the second wave of the 1918 flu?

Answer 7

~3

Question 8

What are the two main mechanisms of evolution for the flu virus?

Answer 8

• Antigenic drift
• Antigenic shift

Question 9

What caused the significant change in mortality rates during the second wave of the flu pandemic?

Answer 9

The virus had undergone significant mutations

Trench warfare and evacuation policies also contributed.

Question 10

What was the impact of nutritional deficiencies during the 1918 pandemic?

Answer 10

Weakened immune systems due to lack of energy, vitamins, and essential minerals

Question 11

What did early theories attribute the cause of the 1918 flu pandemic to?

Answer 11

• Hygiene
• God’s wrath
• Miasma
• Bacteria

Question 12

What was the first virus to be officially discovered?

Answer 12

Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 13

What role did quarantine play in historical disease management?

Answer 13

Contained the spread of diseases

Quarantine practices have been used since antiquity.

Question 14

What is the modern name for Pfeiffer’s bacillus?

Answer 14

Haemophilus influenzae

Question 15

What is the significance of the electron microscope in virology?

Answer 15

Allowed for the visualization of viruses, confirming their nature

Developed in 1931 and led to breakthroughs in understanding influenza.

Question 16

What type of virus is influenza categorized as?

Answer 16

RNA virus

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The flu virus can mutate due to its _______.

Answer 17

high mutation rate

Question 18

What are the three main responses required to manage and prevent viral disease at the national and international level?

Answer 18

• Prevent spread
• Ensure treatment
• Prevent reoccurrence

Question 19

True or False: The 1918 flu pandemic was uniformly deadly across all populations.

Answer 19

False

Different populations experienced varying mortality rates.

Question 20

What was one of the side effects experienced after the 1918 flu pandemic?

Answer 20

Sleeping sickness

Question 21

What was the first wave of the 1918 flu characterized by?

Answer 21

An unusually virulent flu strain identified in Kansas in January 1918

Question 22

What is the ‘Carrot & Stick’ approach in quarantine measures?

Answer 22

Carrot: education; Stick: punitive action

Question 23

What is the relationship between the 2009 pandemic and H1N1?

Answer 23

H1N1 is known to cause swine flu and is descended from the 1918 variant

Question 24

What is the significance of naming a disease?

Answer 24

Naming a disease helps in identifying, classifying, and communicating about it effectively among healthcare professionals and the public.

Question 25

True or False: A disease name can influence public perception and stigma.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Fill in the blank: The name of a disease can affect __________ in terms of funding and research priorities.

Answer 26

resources

Question 27

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of a disease name? A) Classification B) Communication C) Diagnosis D) Treatment

Answer 27

D) Treatment

Question 28

What role does a disease name play in epidemiology?

Answer 28

A disease name aids in tracking outbreaks, understanding transmission patterns, and guiding public health responses.

Question 29

What type of virus is the influenza virus?

Answer 29

The influenza virus is an RNA virus.

Question 30

True or False: The influenza virus has a segmented genome.

Answer 30

True.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The influenza virus belongs to the family __________.

Answer 31

Orthomyxoviridae.

Question 32

Which surface proteins are critical for the influenza virus's ability to infect host cells?

Answer 32

Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA).

Question 33

What is the primary mode of transmission for the influenza virus?

Answer 33

The primary mode of transmission is through respiratory droplets.

Question 34

Multiple Choice: Which type of influenza virus is most commonly associated with pandemics? A) Type A B) Type B C) Type C

Answer 34

A) Type A.

Question 35

What is antigenic drift in the context of the influenza virus?

Answer 35

Antigenic drift refers to small changes in the virus's surface proteins that occur over time, leading to variations in the virus.

Question 36

Short Answer: Name one method used to prevent influenza infections.

Answer 36

Vaccination.

Question 37

True or False: Influenza viruses can infect only humans.

Answer 37

False.

Question 38

What is the incubation period for influenza virus infection?

Answer 38

The incubation period is typically 1 to 4 days.

Question 39

What are socio-economic factors?

Answer 39

Socio-economic factors are the social and economic experiences and realities that influence an individual's or community's behavior and attitudes.

Question 40

True or False: Higher income levels can lead to better health outcomes.

Answer 40

True

Question 41

Fill in the blank: Access to _______ is a critical socio-economic factor influencing disease resistance.

Answer 41

healthcare

Question 42

How does education level impact disease resistance?

Answer 42

Higher education levels are associated with better health literacy, leading to improved disease prevention and management.

Question 43

What role does nutrition play in disease resistance?

Answer 43

Proper nutrition strengthens the immune system, making individuals more resistant to diseases.

Question 44

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a socio-economic factor? A) Income B) Education C) Genetic predisposition

Answer 44

C) Genetic predisposition

Question 45

What is the relationship between employment status and disease resistance?

Answer 45

Unemployed individuals may face higher stress levels and limited access to healthcare, negatively impacting their disease resistance.

Question 46

True or False: Living in a wealthy neighborhood guarantees better health outcomes.

Answer 46

False

Question 47

Fill in the blank: Public health policies can improve _______ by addressing socio-economic disparities.

Answer 47

disease resistance

Question 48

What is the impact of social support networks on health?

Answer 48

Strong social support networks can improve mental health and promote healthier lifestyles, enhancing disease resistance.

Question 49

Multiple Choice: Which factor is most likely to enhance disease resistance? A) High stress levels B) Poor sanitation C) Access to preventive healthcare

Answer 49

C) Access to preventive healthcare

Question 50

How do cultural beliefs influence disease resistance?

Answer 50

Cultural beliefs can affect health behaviors and attitudes towards seeking treatment, impacting disease resistance.

Question 51

What is the significance of housing conditions on health?

Answer 51

Poor housing conditions can expose individuals to environmental hazards that increase disease susceptibility.

Question 52

True or False: Rural areas generally have better access to healthcare than urban areas.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Fill in the blank: Socio-economic inequalities can lead to disparities in _______ outcomes.

Answer 53

health

Question 54

What is the role of government policy in disease resistance?

Answer 54

Government policies can promote health equity and enhance access to healthcare services, improving disease resistance.

Question 55

Multiple Choice: Which demographic factor can influence disease resistance? A) Age B) Favorite color C) Hobby

Answer 55

A) Age

Question 56

How does mental health relate to disease resistance?

Answer 56

Poor mental health can weaken the immune system and increase vulnerability to diseases.

Question 57

What is the effect of globalization on disease resistance?

Answer 57

Globalization can lead to the spread of diseases but also facilitates the sharing of medical knowledge and resources.

Question 58

True or False: Access to clean water is a socio-economic factor that can impact health.

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Fill in the blank: Economic stability allows for better _______ choices, enhancing disease resistance.

Answer 59

health

Question 60

What is the connection between lifestyle choices and disease resistance?

Answer 60

Healthy lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise and balanced diet, contribute to stronger immune function.

Question 61

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a consequence of poor socio-economic status? A) Improved healthcare access B) Increased stress C) Better nutrition

Answer 61

B) Increased stress

Question 62

How does access to technology influence disease resistance?

Answer 62

Access to technology can improve health information dissemination and facilitate telemedicine, enhancing disease prevention efforts.

Question 63

What is the impact of community health programs on disease resistance?

Answer 63

Community health programs can provide education and resources that improve health outcomes and enhance disease resistance.

Question 64

True or False: Socio-economic factors are static and do not change over time.

Answer 64

False

Question 65

What is the primary purpose of quarantine?

Answer 65

To prevent the spread of infectious diseases by isolating individuals who may have been exposed.

Question 66

True or False: Quarantine has been used throughout history to control epidemics.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Fill in the blank: The term 'quarantine' is derived from the Italian word 'quaranta', meaning __________.

Answer 67

forty

Question 68

During which historical pandemic was the practice of quarantine notably implemented?

Answer 68

The Black Death in the 14th century.

Question 69

What modern disease outbreak in 2003 led to increased awareness of quarantine measures?

Answer 69

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

Question 70

Which organization is primarily responsible for setting guidelines for quarantine during health emergencies?

Answer 70

The World Health Organization (WHO)

Question 71

Multiple Choice: What is the typical duration of quarantine for most infectious diseases?

Answer 71

A) 14 days B) 10 days C) 21 days D) 30 days

Question 72

Short Answer: Name one key legal authority that can enforce quarantine measures.

Answer 72

Public health officials or local health departments.

Question 73

True or False: Quarantine and isolation are the same concepts.

Answer 73

False

Question 74

What is the difference between quarantine and isolation?

Answer 74

Quarantine separates and restricts the movement of people who may have been exposed to a contagious disease, while isolation separates those who are confirmed to be infected.

Question 75

Fill in the blank: The first known use of quarantine dates back to the ________ century.

Answer 75

14th

Question 76

Short Answer: What technological advancement has improved the ability to enforce quarantine in modern times?

Answer 76

Digital tracking and contact tracing applications.

Question 77

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common reason for imposing quarantine?

Answer 77

A) Travel exposure B) Symptomatic individuals C) Natural disasters D) Confirmed infection

Question 78

True or False: Quarantine is only applicable during outbreaks of viral diseases.

Answer 78

False

Question 79

Short Answer: What is one psychological impact of quarantine on individuals?

Answer 79

Increased anxiety or stress levels.