The Flagellates Flashcards

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1
Q

General Characteristics

A
  1. Free living
  2. Inhabit the GI tract, atria, bloodstream and tissues
  3. Extensive role in human disease
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2
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis

A

Reservoir- human Urogenital tract
Pathogen of the reproductive tract that causes STD called trichomonoiasis
Symptoms:
Female creamy discharge, tenderness, edema
Male asymptomatic ,majority of carriers
Transmission: sexual intercourse
No protective cyst , can be detected in urine
Treatment: metronidazole

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3
Q

Trichomonas tenax

A

Small and resides in oral cavity (5-10%)

Normal flora and opportunist pathogen

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4
Q

Giardia Lamblia

A

Most common intestinal flagellate parasite isolated in clinical specimens in USA and most common type of parasite that pollutes drinking water ( Travler’s Diarrhea)
Reservoir: human and animals
Ingested cysts- excyst in the duodenum after 24 hours and trophozoides will travel to the jejunum where they feed and multiply
Asymptomatic in 30% of infected patients
Smiley faces in feces
Treatment:
Quinacrine and Metronidazole

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5
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis

A
Causes some diarrhea 
Lives in cecum and colon and does not form cyst 
trophozoites can be identified and have TWO nuclei and no flagella .. they move with pseudopod
Symptoms:
Asymptomatic usually 
Treatment:
idoquinol and tetracycline 
Transmission uncertain
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6
Q

Hemp- Flagellates

A
  1. Leishmania
  2. Trypanosoma
    Both are spread by blood sucking vectors
    Both are obligate parasite that causes zoonotic diseases
    Both have tropical species that are rare un US
    Both can be identified in tissue lesion
    Both have complicated life cycle
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7
Q

Leishmania./ leishmaniasis

A

Transmitted by Phlebotomine (sand fly)
50 species of sand fly can serve as reservoir
Humans are accidental hosts

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8
Q

Leishmania tropica

A

Occurs in Mediterranean, African, Indian regions
If macrophage remained fixed- infection. Remains localized
If infection migrates - systemic disease3 occurs
Infection usually remains localized on skin of forehead and causes cutaneous leishmaniasis( sore, boil)
Ulcers moist and short vterm in rural area
Ulcer is dry and long term in urban area
Treatment :
Antimony and amphotericin

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9
Q

Leishmania Mexicana

A

Occurs in Latin America same characteristics as tropical

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10
Q

Leishmania braziliensis

A

Occurs in central and south America
Infects the muccocutaneous tissues (oral and nasal cavity )
Red itchy lesions that spreads along lymphatic
Self-healing
disfiguration of nose, ear
Treatment: antimony and amphotericin

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11
Q

Leishmania Donovani

A

Occurs in north Africa and east Africa, Asia, Mediterranean and south America
Long incubation period(2-18 weeks)
Short term- pimple at bite
Symptoms:
Malaria like chills and fever
Hyperplasia of tissue and organ and progressive anemia
Most deadly form- Kala-azar (dumb dum fever) 75-95% fatal)
Treatment :
Antimony and pentamidine isethionate

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12
Q

Trypanosoma general characteristics

A

Distinguished by their infective stage called trypomastgote - elongated spindle shaped cell with tapered ends and one flagella

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13
Q

The two types of trypanosoma

A
  1. trypanosome Cruz
  2. trypanosome Brucei
    ( both have a biphasic life)
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14
Q

trypanosome cruzi

A

Agent of the chaga’s disease - endemic to central and south America aka American trypanosomiasis

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15
Q

What is the vector of trypanosoma cruzi

A

reduvid bug
Aka kissing bug or assassin bug
trophozoite will multiply in bug intestinal tract and the bug feces contain the parasite

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16
Q

trypanosoma Brucei

A

Occurs in west and east Africa

There are two forms

17
Q

What are the two forms of trypanosoma Brucei

A
  1. trypanosoma rhoesiene

2. trypanosoma gamiense

18
Q

trypanomsoma Brucei

A

East African sleeping sickness

Vector is adapted to woodland and lakefront area

19
Q

trypanosoma gamiense

A

West African sleeping sickness
Vector inhabits in the dense vegetation along rivers and forest
The vector is tsetse fly that its bites very painful

20
Q

Symptoms of trypanosoma

A
  1. Lesion of bites usually seen in non African
  2. Intermediate fever, headache and night sweat
  3. Enlargement of spleen, liver
  4. Joint pain
  5. cns damage
  6. Personality changes
  7. Coma death
21
Q

Treatment of trypanosoma

A

Early phase- suramin

Late phase- melarsoprol