Sporozoa (Sporozoan) Flashcards
General characteristics of sporozoan
- They are small and obligate endoparasite of the body fluids and tissues of animal
- They do not have apparent organelles of locomotion
- They do reproduce by well- developed asexual (shizogony) and sexual (gametocyte production and sporogony) stages
- Most form specialized spores or spore- like infective bodies that are transmitted by vectors, food and water
- Generally involve two different hosts
Asexual and sexual reproduction of sporozoan
Offspring of sexual- sporozite
Offspring of asexual - schizonts or merozoites
Most important pathogens are
- toxoplasma gondii
- cryptosporidium
- cyclospora
- pneumocystis carinii
Sexual reproduction of malaria
Offspring of the host are SPOROZITE
Gametes- zygote(ookinete) — OOcyst —— rupture releases 2 sporocyst — each rupture releases 4 sporozites
Taxoplasma gondii
schizogony in all nucleated cells of animals and birds
Domestic cats are the definite host where the sexual reproduction of parasite occurs in intestinal mucosa
Life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii
Fecal materials of cat contains oocyst that is resistant to extreme environment ( high heat, dryness ) can survive in moist for several months
Hosts ingest oocyst – breaks open in the intestine and divide asewually and form tachyzoites that can infect other tissues and form pseudocyst that can remain protected against immune system for a long time
+ human is accidental host
Symptoms of Toxoplasma gondii
- Most asymptomatic
- Mild– symptoms such as sore throat, lymph node enlargement and low grade fever
- Acute fever, chills headaches, lymphadentis and fatigue
- Chronic ( immune compromised patient) rash, hepatitis, encephalomyelitis and myocarditis
Congenital taxoplasmosis
When a pregnant women with toxoplasmosis has a 335 chance of transmitting the infection to her fetus
- occurs during first or second trimester - can lead to still birth ande severe abnormalities
- women don’t need to be around a cat when prego
Transmission of taxoplasmosis
Becomes infected by ingesting oocyst
- accidental - eating improper cooked meat
Prevention good hygiene
Crytosporidium cryptospridiosis
Aka parvunm
Intestinal sporozoan that infects mammals and reptile soonatic infection
Life cycle of crytospridiosis
Similar to Toxoplasma
Transmission food or water and direct human to human contact
Symptoms of cryptosporidiosis
Most are asymptomatic
Headache, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea and chronic fluid loss .. not treatment is available
Out break in Georgia in 1987
Cyclospora
Similar to C. partum but is milder
Causes self limiting diarrhea (3-4 days) transmission to contaminated water
Pneumocystis carinii
New name is Jirvoveci - considered to be a normal parasite
A normal parasite that is normal inhabitant of respiratory tract of human and animals and does not have a serious effect
Plasmodium malaria
One of there most prevalent disease killing millions
Transmissions: Vector female ANAPHELE mosquito
Occurs by bite of mosquito, shared needles, blood transfusion and mother of fetus
classification of Plasmodium species (classified by base of paroxysm intervals )
- P. falciparum (malignant malaria)– every 36 hr
- P. vivax (certain malaria)—- every 48 hr
- P.Malariae ( Quartian malaria ) —— every 72hrs
- P.Ovale (certain malaria )— every 48 hrs
Symptoms of Plasmodium
Prodromal symptom
Malaise, fatigue, vague aches and nausea
Plasmodium most common symptoms
Fever, chills
Headache that repeat periodically (paroxysm)
Secondary symptoms of Plasmodium
Vomiting, diarrhea, low back pain, pain of joints , anorexia and anemia
Complications of plasmodium
- Hemolytic anemia from lysed blood cells
- organ enlargement and rupture due to accumulation excess cellular debris in spleen, liver and kidney
- Pulmonary failure, cerebral malaria and gastrointestinal disturbance
Pathology P. Falciparum
Most deadly
tropic— Hemolytic anemia because of invasion of blood cell of all ages (60%) and causes high fever, bloody urine, kidney failure and brain damage
Pathology P. Malariae
Less severe
Tropic— invade old or aged red blood cells ( under1%)
P.Ovale Pathology
Less severe
West Africa —- invade immature red blood cells (reticulocytes — under 2%)
P.Vivax Pathology
Less severe
Tropic and subtopics—- invade immature red blood cells (reticulocytes— under 2%)
This Plasmodium is the most prevalent parasite causing malaria
Patient with mild , chronic forms may spontaneously cure after how many years?
3-5 years
Relapse can be defined in 2 ways….
- recrudscene
2. recurrence
Recrudscene
Failure of the immunity or therapy to destroy all parasites such that they rebound and cause clinical symptoms
Recurrence
Some infected liver cells harbor dormant infective cells for periods of 5-10 years p…activation of dormant parasites results in clinical symptoms
Development of Plasmodium parasite is divided into two phases
- Asexual reproduction in humans
2. Sexual reproduction in mosquito
When the mosquito feed on us, it injects_______ directly into out circulatory system and within 30 minutes it gets into the liver and becomes _________
Sporozoite
Criptozoite
Erythocytic cycle of Plasmodium
Merozoite (in liver)> RBC> Trophozoite> Schizont> RBC ruptures> Merozoite release
Merozoite differentiate into two types of specialized Gametes
- Macrogametocyte ( female)
2. Microgametocyte (male)
Treatment for Plasmodium
- chloroquine
- Sulfadiaxine
- tetracycline
Babesia (Babesiasis)
Babysit microti:
cause a similar disease as Plasmodium malaria nut milder
What is the vector for Babesia
A tick and disease will be transmitted by tick bite to human (accidental host)
Life cycle of Babesia
Similar to Plasmodium
pear shaped trophozoites multiply asexually in RBCs lying in pairs or tetrad
Where does the sexual cycle occur (babesia)
Occurs in tick that is an indefinitive host
Symptoms and pathology for Babesia
Resembles malaria possibly with hemolytic anemia and mild spleen and liver disease
Infection occurs in USA (Northeast)
