The First World War

Question 1

Nationalism

Answer 1

Sense of unity felt by people who share a common history, language and culture.

Question 2

Aggressive nationalism

Answer 2

1) Love of one’s own country and hatred of other countries.

2) Belief in their superiority

Question 3

effects of aggressive nationalism

Answer 3

1) Cared only about furthering their interests
2) E.g. - Alsace and Lorraine
3) Military == national prestige - military expansion in all nations
4) imperialism

Question 4

Imperialism

Answer 4

1) state policy or practice
2) a powerful nation establishes its control over another country
3) direct territorial acquisition or gaining political or economic control
4) exploited colonies for their own economic gains

Question 5

consequences of imperialism

Answer 5

1) Huge colonial empires of Britain and France in Asia and Africa
2) others also wanted to develop colonies (G-I-R-J) leading to clash of interests
3) expansion of political and economic empires by European powers led to fierce economic competition –> fear, apprehension, mutual hatred, international tension

Question 6

Division of Europe

Answer 6

1) Single-nation states

2) Imperial states

Question 7

Single-nation states

Answer 7

national identities were based on their common language and traditions
France, Holland, Germany

Question 8

Imperial states

Answer 8

included populations with different cultural and linguistic backgrounds in their territory

Austria-Hungarian Empire - Hapsburg Dynasty
Russian Empire

Question 9

Triple Alliance

Answer 9

Germany and Austria-Hungary

joined by Italy in 1882

Question 10

Triple Entente

Answer 10

France established relations with Russia and England
Were a counter to the Triple Alliance
Later joined by Japan

Question 11

Sarajevo Crisis

Answer 11

1) Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand - heir to Austria-Hungary throne
2) In Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia) on June 28th 1914
3) Organised by ‘Black Hand’ or ‘Union of Death’

Question 12

‘Black Hand’

Answer 12

secret society of extremist Serbian nationalists

aimed to unite all Serbians into a single Serbian State

Question 13

Consequences of the assassination

Answer 13

1) Austria served an ultimatum on Serbia with 11 demands

2) Most were accepted by Serbia except those which led to loss of their sovereignty

Question 14

Events leading the First World War

Answer 14

1) Austria declared war on Serbia on July 28th, 1914
2) Russia started preparation for war to support Serbia
3) Germany declared war on Russia on August 1st, 1914 and France on 3rd August 1914
4) german troops marched into Belgium on 4th August to press onto France
5) Britain declared war on Germany on the same day

Question 15

Allied powers

Answer 15

Britain, France, Russia and their allies

Question 16

Central powers

Answer 16

Germany Austria and their allies

Question 17

Fronts

Answer 17

Areas where the war was fought
Western front - between Germany and northern France
Eastern front - between Germany and Russian forces

Question 18

Results of the War

Answer 18

1) Treaty of Versailles
2) Territorial rearrangement
3) Formation of League of Nations

Question 19

Treaty of Versailles

Answer 19

1) Post-war conference for formulation of peace treaties
2) Signed on June 28th 1919
3) 27 countries represented
4) terms really decided by Woodrow Wilson (USA), George Lloyd (Britain), and George Clemenceau (France)
5) defeated countries not represented
6) Russia also excluded (withdrawal from war, lack of support for Communism)

Question 20

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Answer 20

1) Germany guilty of aggression
2) War compensation paid by Germany - 33 billion dollars, cede merchant ships to Allies, coal for 10 years (to F-I-B)
3) Demilitarization of Rhine and occupation by Allied troops for next 15 years
4) Loss of Alsace and Lorraine to France and Danzig became a free port in Polish territory
5) Cede parts of pre-war territory to Denmark, Belgium, Poland, France and Czechoslovakia
6) Cede coal mines in Saar to France and governance by League of Nations
7) Loss of colonies to victorious Allies
8) Restriction on military - reduction of army to 1,00,000 soldiers and navy to 15,000 men and 24 ships, ban on air force and submarines
9) Affirmed complete independence of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland
10) Covenant of League of Nations added

Question 21

Territorial Rearrangement

Answer 21

1) End of European supremacy
2) USA surpassed Europe economically and militarily - emerged as a world power
3) Destruction of three ruling dynasties
4) end of Ottoman rule in Turkey
5) Austria and Hungary became separate independent states
6) Independence of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia

Question 22

Formation of League of Nations

Answer 22

1) Horrors of war convinced leaders of the need for a mechanism to prevent war and promote international cooperation
2) Creation of the League of Nations as a world organisation of all independent states in 1920