The Final Flashcards
What type of antigens are found on the surface of the red blood cells of a person with type AB blood?
antigens A and B
A person with type A blood can successfully donate to a person with a Type ________ blood.
A
Blood vessels called _________ carry blood to the heart and __________ carry blood away from the heart.
veins; arteries
Why is the cardiovascular system vital to survive?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients
During ventricular contraction, what is the status of the atrioventricular valve?
The mitral and tricuspid valve are both closed
Name the tough outermost layer of the sac that surrounds the heart
fibrous pericardium
What layer lines the chambers of the heart?
endocardium
Blood entering the right atrium comes from what structures?
Venae cavae and coronary sinuses
What chambers of the heart has oxygen-poor blood?
right atrium and right ventricle
Which valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
mitral valve
What is the correct order of the cardiac conduction system?
SA node»_space; AV node»_space; AV bundle»_space; Purkinje fibers
What term refers to an abnormally slow heart rate?
bradycardia
Dehydration can be caused by _____ ______ __ ______ ______?
prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea
In a healthy body, the volume of water remains relatively stable at all times (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
Parathyroid hormone increases phosphate reabsorption from the renal tubules (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
What is the effect of nitric oxide on a blood vessel?
causes vasodilation
What blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood?
veins
The effect of vasoconstriction?
blood pressure increase
Where is the popliteal artery located?
behind the knee
When taking a pulse at the wrist, which artery is paptutated?
radial artery
What are pathogens?
diseases-causing agents
The structure of the lymphatic vessel is most similar to a ____?
vein
Red and white pulp is found in what structure?
the spleen
Following a tissue transplant, the transplant recipient typically needs to take medicine to?
suppress their immune system
What type of immune resistance will a person develop after contracting and fighting off an infection?
naturally acquired immunity
What condition involves a decrease in white blood cells?
leukopenia
What is a Hematocrit?
percent of red blood cells in a blood sample
What are Formed Elements?
blood cells and platelets
What type of Formed Elements is most abundant?
red blood cells
What type of blood cell is biconcave and lacks a nucleus when they are mature?
red blood cells
What is the primary function of lymphocytes?
to act against foreign substances
Why might elite athletes abuse Erythropoietin (EPO)?
EPO increases red blood cell supply which brings more oxygen to muscle cells
A pulmonary ________ is typically caused by a blood clot reaching the lung via a pulmonary artery.
embolism
Grant has a condition in which his immune system has attacked and destroyed his thyroid gland. This is an example of what?
autoimmune disease
What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
the presence of an antigen produces antibodies
COPD includes which respiratory disorder?
chronic bronchitis and emphasema
Where are the vocal cords located?
top of the larynx or in larynx
What is the correct order of the pharynx from superior to inferior?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration?
pressure gradient between atmosphere and alveoli
Following normal inspiration, the volume of additional air enters the lungs. What is forced maximal inspiration called?
inspiratory reserve volume
Name the movement of air that is being moved in and out during a single quiet inspiration.
tidal volume
According to Boyle’s law, as the volume of a container decreases______ ________ _______.
the pressure increases
A _______ is a sudden inspiration caused by a spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm while the glottis is closed
a hiccup
What has an effect on the pH of blood?
carbon dioxide
Why are smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections?
their respiratory passageways lose cilia which is responsible for removing bacteria and pathogens
Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Liver
The salivary glands secrete the enzyme ________ that breaks down __________.
amylase; carbohydrates
What is not a function of the kidneys?
synthesis of plasma protein
What are the organs of the urinary system?
the paired kidneys, paired ureters, a bladder, and a urethra
Where are the paired kidneys located?
behind the parietal peritonuem
What is the action of the hormone Aldosterone? (2 increases and 3 stimulations)
increases both blood pressure and blood volume, stimulates kidneys to reabsorb sodium, stimulates kidneys to secrete potassium, and stimulates kidneys to secrete hydrogen
In response to the action of ________ sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted in the urine.
aldosterone
What blood pH occurs with the condition called acidosis?
below 7.35
What blood pH occurs with the condition called alkalosis?
above 7.45
How is a strong acid different from a weak acid?
strong acids ionize more than weak acids
When the concentration of water in the body fluid increases, the secretion of ADH increases. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
ADH increases water absorption. (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
The esophagus provides a passage for substances from the larynx to the bronchi. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
Bile is composed of HCI, pepsin, mucous, and intrinsic factor. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
Primary oocyte production begins before birth. (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
Endometriosis can result in the formation of fibrous tissue around the ovaries and can prevent ovulation and can obstruct the tubules. (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
The nervous system releases hormones at the synapses and the endocrine system release neurotransmitters. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
When the target cells of the hypothalamus is releasing hormones they are in the anterior pituitary gland. (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
The thalamus controls the secretion of pituitary hormones. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
Another word for breathing?
ventilation
What are tropic hormones?
hormones that stimulate the endocrine gland to secrete hormones
What phase does synapsis occur in?
prophase 1
Insulin _____ concentration of blood glucose.
lowers
_________ cells are found in the coils in the testes
Spermatogenic
Erectile dysfunction is an underlying disease. (TRUE OR FALSE)
True
Semen includes _______ and _______ in its make-up.
prostaglandins; nutrients
Where do sperm cells mature?
epididymis
Where does fertilization occur?
the uterine tubes
Define the digestive system?
the breakdown of food and the absorption of nutrients
What is mastication?
chewing
What is the start of chemical digestion?
saliva
The liver is part of the gastrointestinal tract. (TRUE OR FALSE)
False
