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MIDS 187 - OB2 + OB3 > The Fetal Skeleton (lesson 23) > Flashcards

The Fetal Skeleton (lesson 23) Flashcards

1
Q

When can fetal limb buds be visualized?

A

8 wks

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2
Q

When do long bones fully develop?

A

7th to 12th wks

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3
Q

When do the bones in the hands and feet develop?

A

Between the 11th and 13th wk

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4
Q

The fetal long bones of the femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia, and fibula can be measured accurately when?

A

12 wks on

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5
Q

How much does the femur grow per week (between 14-27 wks)

A

3mm

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6
Q

In the third trimester, how much does the femur grow per week?

A

1mm

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7
Q

Of the Tibia and Fibula, what is the thicker of the two bones?

A

Tibia

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8
Q

Which way is the tibia and fibula orientated?

A

Tib - medial
Fib - lateral

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9
Q

What are the short-limbed dysplasias classified into? (4)

A

Rhizomelia, mesomelia, acromelia, micromelia

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10
Q

What is Rhizomelia?

A

Only the prox. portion is shortened

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11
Q

What is Mesomelia?

A

Shortening of the middle or intermediate segment

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12
Q

What is Acromelia?

A

Shortening of the distal portion

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13
Q

What is Micromelia?

A

Shortening of an entire extremity

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14
Q

What is cloverleaf deformity associated with?

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

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15
Q

Lethal skeletal dysplasias are often accompanied by what?

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia

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16
Q

How can pulmonary hypoplasia be caused?

A

Oligiohydramnios, secondary to congenital disorders (thanatophoric dysplasia and asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia)

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17
Q

What is the most lethal skeletal dysplasia?

A

Thanatophoric dysplasia

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18
Q

Is Thanatophoric dysplasia more common in males or females

A

Males

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19
Q

What is the most common type of Thanatophoric Dysplasia?

A

Type I

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Type I Thanatophoric Dysplasia?

A
  • extreme rhizomelia
  • bowed long bones
  • normal trunk length
  • platyspondyly
  • frontal bossing
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21
Q

What are the characteristics of Type II Thanatophoric Dysplasia?

A
  • straighter long bones
  • taller vertebral bodies
  • Kleeblattschadel (cloverleaf skull)
22
Q

Where does the champagne cork appearance come from?

A

Thanatophoric Dysplasia

23
Q

What is the most common nonlethal type of dwarfism?

A

Achondroplasia

24
Q

What does Achondroplasia feature?

A
  • rhizomelic limb bowing
  • frontal bossing
  • low nasal bridge
  • trident hand
  • macrocephaly
25
Q

Why is Achondrogenesis lethal?

A

Due to pulmonary hypoplasia

26
Q

What are the features of Type I (Parenti-Fraccaro) Achondrogenesis?

A
  • extreme micromelia
  • large head
  • short and thin ribs (possibly fractured)
  • poor ossification of the skull/spine/pelvic bones
27
Q

What are the features of Type II (Langer-Saldino) Achondrogenesis?

A
  • prominent forehead
  • flat face with micrognathia
  • absence of rib fractures
  • less severe mineralization of fetal bones
  • less severe micromelia
28
Q

What is Osteogenesis Imperfecta? (OI)

A

Rare, inheritable connective tissue disorder caused by defects in type I collagen quality or quantity

29
Q

Where is Type I collagen found?

A

Skin, ligaments tendons, and bone

30
Q

What are some of the defects found in Type I OI pts?

A
  • long bone and rib fractures
  • blue sclera (eyes)
  • hearing impairment
31
Q

What type of OI is the most lethal?

A

Type II

32
Q

What is the transparent bone sign?

A

Far side of the fetal long bone is visualized in addition to the near side

33
Q

What is the most mild form of OI?

A

Type IV

34
Q

What is congenital hypophosphotasia?

A

Rare inherited disease of defective bone mineralization

35
Q

Is Type I or Type II Congenital Hypophosphotasia lethal?

A

Type I

36
Q

What is Dysostosis?

A

Any condition characterized by abnormal ossification

37
Q

What are two of the more common sonographically visualized types of Dysostosis?

A

Cleidocranial and craniofacial

38
Q

When does examination of the fetal hands occur?

A

Late fist or mid-second trimester

39
Q

A persistently clenched hand with overlapping index fingers is strongly associated with which Trisomy?

A

Trisomy 18 (Edwards)

40
Q

A trident hand (three-pronged appearance) is typically found in which anomaly?

A

Achondroplasia

41
Q

Preaxial polydactyly affects which side?

A

The radial side (thumb)

42
Q

Postaxial polydactyly affects which side of the hand?

A

ulnar side (little finger)

43
Q

Ready For Little Tiny Men - what are the sonographic features of dwarfism?

A

R hizomeloc limbs
F rontal bossing
L ow nasal bridge
T rident hand configuration
M acrocephaly/hydrocephaly

44
Q

What is Acheiria?

A

absence of one or more hands

45
Q

What is Apodia?

A

absence of one or more feet

46
Q

What is Phocomelia?

A

Absence of the proximal portion of an extremity, with the hand or foot attached to the trunk

47
Q

What is Meromelia?

A

absence of part of a limb

48
Q

Aplasia or hypoplasia or which bone is common in many different syndromes?

A

Raidus

49
Q

What is VACTERL?

A

Vertebrael anomaly
Anorectal atresoia
Cardiac anomalies
Trache
Esophageal fistula
Renal
Limb abnormalities

50
Q

What is talipes?

A

Club foot, common birth defect where foot is more medial; bone of the foot lies in the same plane as the bone of the lower leg

51
Q

What causes club foot?

A

Oligio, no room to move

52
Q

What is ABS?

A

Amniotic band sequence

MIDS 187 - OB2 + OB3 (8 decks)

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