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Menstrual disorders and early pregnancy problems > The female reproductive system > Flashcards

The female reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones does female reproductive system produce

A

Steroid hormones

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2
Q

What corpora does the clitoris have

A

Corpus cavernosum- can be engorged with blood upon arousal because it is an erectile vascular tissue

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3
Q

What are the ‘cups’ around the cervix called

A

Anterior, posterior and lateral fornices

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4
Q

What are the layers of the vaginal tube

A

Epithelial mucosa - non keratinised stratified squamous epithelia which id glycogen rich

Lamina propria

Sub mucosa. Highly vascularised, has elastic fibres which allow distension

Adventitia. elastic fibres and irregular smooth muscle

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5
Q

What do the elastic fibres in the vagina allow

A

Distension which is needed for childbirth

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6
Q

What is glycogen involved in in the vagina and therefore what is this like during ovulation

A

Maintenance of pH

Increased glycogen during ovulation

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7
Q

Does the vagina have any glands

A

No

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8
Q

What is the non keratinised stratified layer of squamous epithelial cells under the influence of

A

Oestrogen. Therefore before puberty and after menopause this layer is thin

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9
Q

What are the two parts of the cervix

A

Endocervix- which is the part by the uterus cavity

Exocervix - part by the vagina

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10
Q

What is the cell types of the endocervix

A

Single layer of tall columnar mucus secreting epithelial cells

Has basal layer of reserve cells

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11
Q

What is the store of the endocervix composed of

A

FIbromuscular tissue
Elastin and collagen fibres
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
Rich in lymph vessels and nerves

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12
Q

What is the basal layer of reserve cells important for in the endocervix

A

Cervical distension during childbirth.

Done by softening of the stroma which causes hydration of the matrix, alterations in collagen and elastin fibres

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13
Q

What do endocervical mucus glands secrete and where are they found

What are they

A

mucin

Found in Endocervix

They are deep invaginations which increases surface area but are not true glands

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14
Q

Function of mucin produced by endocervix

A

Lubrication during sex
Protection against bacterial ascent into uterus
Allows ascent of sperm into uterus at correct time

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15
Q

What is mucin like during the proliferative (follicular phase) of the menstrual cycle

A

thin, watery, abundant and more alkaline which supports sperm viability

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16
Q

What is the mucin like just prior to ovulation

A

less viscous, 10x more in volume and facilitates movement of sperm

17
Q

What us mucin like during secretory phase (after ovulation)

A

More viscid, more acidic and deters penetration by any more sperm. seals uterus in prep to possible embryo implantation

18
Q

What epithelium is In ectocevix

A

stratified squamous epithelial mucosa

19
Q

What is the tranrsformatuin process called and what us ut

A

Squamous metaplasia and this is where columnar to squamous epithelial transformation

20
Q

How do Nabothian cysts form

A

Newly formed stratified squamous epithelium can continue to grow over the simple columnar epithelium at the transformation zone

Some invaginations of the columnar epithelium become covered and lose their connection to the surface

Continuing mucin secretion of these blocked invaginations results in formation of Nabothian cysts

21
Q

Where are cervical smears taken

A

transformation zones

22
Q

Consequence of squamous metaplasia

A

Blocking if endocervical glands- mucus filled Nabothian cysts

Development of abnormal epithelium - lose regular stratified pattern, high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, increased mitotic activity (intraepithelial neoplasia)

Progression to cancer as these cells can breach the basement membrane and invade cervical stoma

23
Q

What is cervical cancer

A

Malignant neoplasm arising from cervical cells

24
Q

What happens to myometrium during pregnancy

A

Hormone sensitive hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy

25
Q

Where does the fertilised egg implant

A

Endometrium of uterus

26
Q

Where does fertilisation occur

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tube

27
Q

Where does sperm rest

A

In the isthmus. Gradual release off sperm to avoid polyspermy. Isthmus is also more muscular so can aid the swim to the ampulla

28
Q

Which end of the Fallopian tubes are more ciliated

A

Ovarian end of the tube

29
Q

Whee are secretory non ciliated cells closer to in the Fallopian tubes

A

Uterus

30
Q

Where do cilia beat in the fallopian tubes

A

Towards uterus because this is where you want implantation to occur (so movement of sperm is against tide)

31
Q

What is acute and chronic salpingitis

A

Bacterial infection, acute inflammation, pus formation, abcess, scarring, blocked Fallopian tube

32
Q

What is tubal ectopic pregnancy

A

Implantation of fertilised ovum in Fallopian tube

Menstrual disorders and early pregnancy problems (6 decks)

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