The Family Part 1 Flashcards
What is the main function of the family
to socialise the young
what is the family as a social system
‘two or more persons related by birth, marriage, adoption, or choice, who have emotional ties and responsibilities to each other’`
what are the three types of effects families can have on the person
- direct effects
- reciprocal effects
- indirect effects (e.g. mothers have are in good marriage are more sensitive towards child)
on do parenting practices influence child outcomes, what are the three propositions that are central to Harris?
- parental behaviours no effect on psychological characteristics that children will have as adults
- peer groups primary envir. influence on psych
- dyadic relationships are situation specific, although powerful emotions, produce only temporary changes in behaviour
what are the three theories about child-rearing practices
- social cognitive theory
- attribution theory
- attachment theory
what are the three sociocognitive influences on child rearing
- modeling
- enactive experience
- direct tuition
what are the sociocognitive regulators
- social sanctions
- self sanctions
self-efficacy expectations
name some techniques for eliminating behaviour
- verbal punishment
- physical punishment
- extinction
- withdrawal of love
- reasoning
name some techniques for strengthening behaviour
- material rewards
- social rewards
- verbal attributions
- direct instructions & maturity demands
name some factors that influence the effectiveness of disciplinary practices
- link bw behaviour and consequences
- verbal reasoning
- consistency
- avoid unnecessarily harsh discipline
- age-appropriate demands
What is the difference between physical punishment & corporal punishment?
physical punishment results in physical injury - behaviours that do not result in significant physical injury are considered corporal punishment
what are the two largest effect sizes associated with corporal punishment
immediate compliance & victim of child abuse
according to kazdin & benjet (2003) what percentages of US parents use spanking with children 17 yrs or younger
74%
what is spanking
hitting a child with an open hand on the buttocks or other extremities wit the intent to discipline without leaving a bruise or causing physical harm
what are the three views on spanking
- pro-corporal punishment
- anti-corpora punishment
- conditional corporal punishment - a “blanket injunction” against spanking cannot be supported scientifically
discuss gershoff’s (2002) view on spanking
- main positive view on spanking was immediate compliance
- but many negative effects (decreased internalisation of moral standards, poor-parent child relations etc.)
what was Baumrind’s (2002) criticism of gershoff
her reanalysis of the studies indicated that some categorised as involving harsh punishment could be considered physical abuse, and those outcomes were more negative
what are 4 methodological issues with this area
- varied definitions
- retrospective reports
- spanking preceded negative behaviour
- parents who spank less read more & hug their children more - co-effects
discuss definitional issues
how to define mild punishment ‘mild & occasional’ - hard to obtain agreement on what that means
what are 4 negative side-effects of physical punishment
- imitation of aggression hypothesis
- avoidance of parents
- anxiety inhibits recall of disciplinary encounter
- highlights external control
the experience of physical discipline during the first five years increased/decreased externalising problems in who
increased in european american children in kindy & third gradde, but had no effect on African American children
what did Lansford et al. 2005 study
examined whether normativeness of physical discipline moderates the link between mother’s use of physical discipline & children’s adjustment
according to Lansford’s study, what countries showed high usage of physical punishment
Kenya, India & Italy
what 2 things did Lansford et al. 2005 find about normativeness
countries with lowest normative use of physical discipline showed the strongest positive association b/w mothers use of physical discipline & their children’s behaviour problems
-in all countries high physical discipline was associated with more neg. outcomes
discuss religious issues & physical punishment of children
literal interpretations of the bible associated with chld abuse potential, however social conformity was v important e.g. church attendance
data from Fragile Families & Child Wellbeing showed that
adolescent mothers were at greater risk of using harsh parenting than older mothers - the issue is knowledge about parenting practices
what did Chavis et al. 2013 find about positive attitudes
positive attitudes towards physical punishment were associated with higher use of physical punishment
