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EMBRYO BLOCK 4 > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 things that the eyes are derived fom

A
  • neuroectoderm
  • surface ectoderm
  • mesoderm
  • nerual crest cells
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2
Q

what does the retina, iris, and optic nerve ceom from

A

neuroectoderm

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3
Q

what does the lens of the eye and the corneal epithelium come from

A

surface ectoderm

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4
Q

what does the fibrous and vascular coats of the eye come from

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

what does the choroid, sclera, and corneal epithelium come from

A

nerual crest cells

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6
Q

when does the eye appear

A

day 22

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7
Q

optic vessels ( eye grooves from day 22) later come in contact with surface ectoderm and induce changes and finally form what?

A

lens placode

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8
Q

what does the optic vesicle become when it invaginate and forms the double wall

A

optic cup

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9
Q

what connects the forebrain to the optic vesicles

A

optic stalk

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10
Q

what is inside the renal fissure that develop on the ventral surface of the optic stalk

A

hyaloid vessels

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11
Q

what does the retina develop from

A

the walls of the optic cups ( outgrowth of forebrain)

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12
Q

what becomes the pigmented layer of the retina

A

the outer thin layer of the optic cup

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13
Q

what becomes the neural layer of the retina

A

the inner thicker layer of the optic cup

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14
Q

the posterior part of the retina differentiates into what

A

rods and cones

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15
Q

adjacent ot the rods and cons is the mantle layer which is photoreceptive layer what does it give rise too

A
  • outer nuclear layer
  • inner nuclear layer
  • ganglion cell layer
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16
Q

what is in the optic stalk

A
  • optic nerve
  • optic chiasm
  • optic tract
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17
Q

what is the optic nerve a tract of

A

diencephalon

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18
Q

when is the optic nerve myleniated

A

3 months of birth ( by oligodendroctyes)

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19
Q

what is not capable of regeneration after transection

A

optic nerve

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20
Q

what is completed after 10 weeks of light exposure

A

the optic nerve fibers

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21
Q

what does the most common eye anomalies result form

A

the abnormal closure of the retinal fissure

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22
Q

what is characterized by a local gap in the retina and is usually inferior to the optic disc, in most cases it is bilateral ( due to the defective closure of the retinal fissure)

A

Coloboma of the Retina

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23
Q

what is it called when there is a defect in the iris or the notch in the pupillary margin. this can involve only the iris or extend deeper into the cilliary body and retina

A

coloboma of the iris

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24
Q

what results from the failure of the retina to close during week 6 of development

A

coloboma of the iris

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25
Q

what kind of nose is usually present in children with cyclopia

A

proboscis ( tubular in the middle of the forehead)

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26
Q

what does cyclopia result from

A

severe suppression of the midline cerebral structures

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27
Q

what does holoprosencephaly refer too

A

when the midline of cerebral stuctures fuse (cyclops)

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28
Q

what is it when there is a very small eye or it can be a normal appearing rudimentary eye , the affected side of the face will be undeveloped and the orbit is small.

A

microphtalmia

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29
Q

what is severe micropthalmia a result from

A

arrested development of the eye before the optic vesicle has formed in weel 4

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30
Q

most cases of simple microphtalmia are caused by what

A

infectious agents like

  • rubella
  • toxoplasma ghondii
  • herpes
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31
Q

what is it called when there is a congenital absence of the eye

A

anophtalmia

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32
Q

in anophtalmia what still forms even though the eyelids dont form

A

eyelids

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33
Q

what is it called when early in the 4th week there is a failure in the eye vesicle to form

A

primary anophtalmos

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34
Q

what is it when there is the development of the forebrain that is suppressed and therefore there is an absence of the eye or eyes

A

secondary anophtalmos

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35
Q

what is the extension of the choroid and its medial surface projects towards the lens forming ciliary processes

A

ciliary body

36
Q

what does the ciliary muscle do

A

focusing the lens

37
Q

what does the epithelium of the ciliary body develop from

A

anterior portions of both the outer pigment layer and the inner neural layer of optic cup

38
Q

what do the ciliary processes produce

A

aqueous humor

39
Q

what circulates through the posterior and anterior chambers and drains into the venous circulaiton via the canal of Schlemm

A

aqueous humor

40
Q

what are the fibers that come from the ciliary processes

A

suspensory fibers ( ciliary zonule)

41
Q

what do the suspensory fibers attach to

A

the lens and they suspend it

42
Q

the inner vascular layer is what

A

choroid

43
Q

what is the outer fibrous layer

A

sclera

44
Q

the epithelium of the iris is continuous with what

A

the epith. of the ciliary body and with the reinal pigment epithelium and nerual retina

45
Q

stroms of iris comes from?

A

nerual crest cells

46
Q

where are the dilator pupillae and the sphincter pupillae muscles from

A

the neuroectoderm of the optic cup

47
Q

when does the newborn start to get clor of eyelid

A

6-10 months

48
Q

chromatophores in the loose vascular CT determine what

A

eye color

49
Q

if the melanin pigment is in the posterior part of the iris then the color is

A

blue

50
Q

if the melanin pigment is in the stroma then the wyw will be

A

brown

51
Q

what is it called when there is almost complete absence of the iris and it happens because of the failure in the development at the rim of the optic cup at week 8

A

congenital aniridia

52
Q

what is associated with congenital aniridia

A

glaucoma

53
Q

what gene mutation leads to congenital aniridia

A

Pax6

54
Q

what does the lens develop from

A

the lens vesicle ( derivative of surface ectoderm)

55
Q

the anterior wall of the lens is what

A

lens epithelium

56
Q

at what week do the primary lens fibers reach the anterior walls of the vesicle

A

week 7

57
Q

what supplies the developing lens

A

by the distal part of the hyaloid artery

58
Q

the lens depends on diffusion from what

A

aqueous humore ( anterior chamber of the eye) and the Vitreous humor

59
Q

the hyaloid canal is in the vitreous body which is usually what in human life

A

usually invisible

60
Q

what is the transparent gel-like substance that is in the vitreous body

A

vitreous humnor

61
Q

what is the primary vitreous humor derived from

A

mesnchymal cells of the neural crest origin

62
Q

what is it called when there is a pupillary membrane that is left over covering anterior surface of the lens during the embryonic period is still present

A

persistent pupillary membrane (doesn’t interfere with vision, tends to atrophy)

63
Q

when there is a wormlike structure that is free moving it is a what

A

persistent hyaloid artery

64
Q

in most cases with persistent hyaloid artery what is the eye

A

microphtalmic

65
Q

what is the part of the surface ectoderm that turns into transparent, multilayerd, avascular

A

cornea

66
Q

what 3 things make the cornea

A
  • surface ectoderm
  • mesenchyme
  • neural crest cells
67
Q

anteroir chamber of the eye is associated with what

A

lens and cornea

68
Q

posterior chamber of the eye is associated with what

A

iris and lens

69
Q

how do the anterior and posterior parts of the eye communicate

A

through the scleral venous sinus

70
Q

what is the congenital disorder that results form abnormal development of the drainage of the aqueous humor during fetal life

A

congenital glaucoma

71
Q

congenital glaucoma may result form what

A

rubella

72
Q

wat is it called wen the lens is opaque and appears graysih white and u can go blind without treatment

A

congenital cateracts

73
Q

when do the eyelids develop

A

week 6

74
Q

the eyelids develop from what

A

neural crest cell mesenchyme and from ectoderm that grows over the cornea

75
Q

at week 10 what happens to the eyelids

A

they adhere together and they do not open until week 28

76
Q

what are the eyelids called when they are closed

A

conjuctival sac

77
Q

bulbar conjunctiva covers what

A

anterior part of the sclera

78
Q

the palperbral conjunctiva lines what

A

the surface of the eyelid

79
Q

if there is prenatal injury to the CN 3 what can happen

A

ptosis of the eyelids

80
Q

what is a palparable coloboma ( very rar)

A

when there is a small notch in the superior eyelid or it can be the whole lid!

81
Q

Cryptophtalmos ?

A

congenital absence of the eyelids and skin covers them

82
Q

when there is an absence of the palpebral fissure then what

A

there is cyptophtalmos

83
Q

when there is an oxygen induced retinopathy see in premies it is called

A

retrolental fibroplasia

84
Q

what is the hereditary degeneratoin and atrophy of the retina , there was degeneration of rods and night time blindness and gun barrel vision

A

retinitis pigmentosa

85
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa can be due to what

A

Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome ( which can be stopped by a massive doses of vitamin A)

EMBRYO BLOCK 4 (2 decks)

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