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Neuroscience > The Eye > Flashcards

The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What do photoreceptors convert light energy into

A

neural activity

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2
Q

what is the pupil

A

the opening where light enters the eye

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3
Q

what is the optic nerve

A

bundle of axons from the retina

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4
Q

what is myopia

A

near-sightedness

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5
Q

what is hyperopia

A

far-sightedness

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6
Q

what is visual acuity

A

ability to distinguish between two points

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7
Q

what is the visual field

A

amount of space viewed by retina when the eye is fixated straight ahead

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8
Q

what is the visual angle

A

distance across the retina described in degrees

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9
Q

microscopic anatomy of the retina?

A

photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion cells

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10
Q

retinal processing is also influenced by _________

A

lateral connections

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11
Q

which cells laterally connect photoreceptors and bipolar cells?

A

horizontal cells

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12
Q

which cells laterally connect bipolar and ganglion cells?

A

amacrine cells

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13
Q

what are the regions of the photoreceptors?

A

outer segment, inner segment, cell body, synaptic terminal

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14
Q

what are the two types of photoreceptors?

A

rods and cones

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15
Q

which photoreceptor has more disks

A

rods

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16
Q

which photoreceptor is LESS sensitive to light

A

cones

17
Q

what is duplex retina

A

having both rods and cones

18
Q

what is the relative structure peripheral retina?

A

more rods than cones + more photoreceptors than ganglion cells

19
Q

at what point is visual acuity maximized?

A

fovea

20
Q

which photoreceptors are in central fovea?

A

cones only

21
Q

Light energy interacts with photopigment to produce a change in ________

A

membrane potential

22
Q

GPCR causes a change in _______

A

second messenger

23
Q

rod outer segments are depolarized in the dark because of

A

steady influx of Na+

24
Q

Why does the sodium channel close in response to light?

A

the cGMP that gates it is converted to GMP by phosphodiesterase

25
Q

How is phosphodiesterase activated in response to light?

A

Rhodopsin activates transducin which activates phosphodiesterase

26
Q

which opsin has the longest wavelength? (560)

A

Red

27
Q

what is the receptive field?

A

the area of retina where light changes neuron’s firing rate

28
Q

phototransduction parallels _________

A

olfactory transduction: electrical to chemical to electrical signal

29
Q

is the mapping of visual space onto retina cells uniform?

A

No, there are 97 mill photoreceptors to 1 mill RGCs

30
Q

What theory explains our perception of color?

A

Young-Hemholtz trichromacy theory of color vision

31
Q

Where is the cell body of the ipRGC located?

A

in the ganglion cell layer of the retina instead of the outer nuclear layer with the rods and cones

32
Q

What is the communication difference b/w ipRGCs vs rods and cones

A

don’t need bipolar cells to communicate? unclear

Neuroscience (6 decks)

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