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Envirionmental Science 101 > The Environment & Human Health > Flashcards

The Environment & Human Health Flashcards

0
Q

How many environmental hazards are there

A

Four

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1
Q

Define hazards

A

Environmental factors that pose risks to the: physical, mental, and social well being of humans.

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2
Q

What are the four environmental hazards

A

Physical hazard
Chemical hazard
Biological hazard
Cultural hazard

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3
Q

Define chemical hazard

A

Synthetic compounds (pollutants) found in water, air, and food

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4
Q

Define Biological hazards

A

Pathogens that cause infectious diseases

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5
Q

Define Cultural hazards

A

Threats from where you live, job and lifestyle choices

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6
Q

Define Risk

A

Situation involving exposure to danger

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7
Q

Risk formula

A

Risk = (probability) X (consequences)

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8
Q

Define Probability

A

Measure of how likely some event will occur

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9
Q

Consequences

A

Damages to people, property, economics

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10
Q

Define Acceptable Risk

A

The amount of risk an individual or society is willing to take

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11
Q

Physical hazards caused by

A

Caused by natural processes or events.
Preparation is key.
Become hazardous when people live or work near the hazard and human activity amplify there effect.
Humans have little to no control over natural events.

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12
Q

What are Geologic Hazards

A

Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Volcanic eruptions
Landslides

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13
Q

List weather hazards

A 
Hurricanes 
Tornadoes 
Blizzards
Floods
Wildfires
Drought
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14
Q

Most common form of radiation

A

Electromagnetic radiation

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15
Q

How are physical hazards created

A

Continuous exposure to natural conditions

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16
Q

Define Radiation

A

Energy that is emitted from a source and travels through material or space.

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17
Q

Types of radiation

A

Non-ionizing radiation

Ionizing radiation

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18
Q

Define non-ionizing radiation

A

Low energy EM radiation, which is essential to life.

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19
Q

Examples of Non-ionizing Radiation

A

Radio waves
microwaves
infared radiation
-only excessive exposure lwads to health risks.

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20
Q

Define Ionizing Radiation

A

High energy EM radiation

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21
Q

Examples of Ionizing Radiation

A

Ultra violet radiation
X-ray
Gamma radiation
-Acute exposure to large dose can damage living tissue, cause mutation, radiation sickness or cancer.

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of Chemical hazards

A

Toxicology
Acute toxicity
Chronic toxicity

23
Q

Define toxicology

A

Study of how poisonous (toxic) substances affect human health

24
Define acute toxicity
Adverse effects that occur within a short period of time after exposure to toxic chemicals. Ex: industrial chemicals
25
Define chronic toxicity
Adverse effects that occur after a long exposure to toxic chemicals. Ex: asbestos
26
What are the classification of toxins (6)
``` Allergens Nuerotoxins Mutagens Teratogens Carcinogens Endocrine disrupters ```
27
Define Allergens
Substances that cause overreaction of the immune system. | -most allergies not life threatening
28
Define Neurotoxins
Substances that specifically attack nerve cells. | -nerve system regulates most body activities.
29
Define mutagens
Agents (chemical/radiation) that damage or alter genetic material in cells.
30
Define teratogens
Chemicals that cause abnormalities during embryonic growth.
31
Define Carcinogens
Substances that cause cancer(invasive, out of control cell growth that results in malignant tumors) - 2nd leading cause of death in u.s.a. - killing over 500,000 per year
32
Define Endocrine disrupters
Substances that interfere with hormone production & reproductive functions.
33
What are the four toxins
Hydrocarbons Heavy metals Pesticides Asbestos
34
Define hydrocarbons
Compounds that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon in their structure
35
Define heavy materials
Chemical elements with a specific gravity that is at least five times the specific gravity of water (1g/CM3)
36
Define specific gravity
Is a measure of density of a solid substance when it is compared to an equal amount of water
37
Define Pesticides
DDT-synthetic pesticide manufactured in enormous quantities WWII to control malaria and typhus. - thought to be safe(sprayed directly on people). - DDT will not break down in human body
38
Define asbestos
Group of fibrous minerals that have desirable physical properties -sound/heat insulation
39
What are the 3 exposure pathways
Inhalation Absorption Ingestion
40
Define inhalation
Breathe in air-borne contaminants - asbestos - dust. (Heavy metals)
41
Define absorption
Contaminates that can be picked up through direct touch | -absorbed through skin and transported to organs through blood stream.
42
Define ingestion
Eating of toxic substances
43
Characteristics of toxins
Persistence Bioaccumulation Biological magnification
44
What at biological hazards
Pathogens | Infectious diseases
45
Define infectious disease
Disease that are easily transmitted to people or organisms through the environment -disease result of presence and growth of pathogens in a host organism
46
Pathogens include
Viruses, bacteria & other microorganism Fungi Protozoa - single- celled animals Parasites
47
Define emerging diseases
Infectious disease that either were not previously found in humans or that existed in the past and are now becoming more common &geographically widespread today -jumped from animal to human host
48
Examples of emerging diseases
HIV/AIDS Ebola H1N1 virus. (Swine flu)
49
Define reemerging diseases
I. D's that's were put under control (through better medicine improved living conditions) but are undergoing a resurgence -previously treatable gained resistance to drugs
50
Examples of reemerging diseases
Tuberculosis Cholera Malaria
51
Cultural hazards are
Where you live - gender diff(women live longer on average than men) - occupation - lifestyle choices: smoking,drugs, overeating, sunbathing
52
What are the 2 human health indicators
Life expectancy | Infant morality
53
Define life expectancy
How long people are expected to live.
54
Define infant morality
How many infants die before age of 1
55
Life expectancy in U.S.A.
1900: women 51, men 48 2010: women 81.4, men 75.5, - increase due to better medicine and sanitation improvements

Envirionmental Science 101 (12 decks)

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