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A&P 2 > The Endocrine System quiz 2 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Direct communication

A
  • Exchange of ions and molecules between adjacent cells across gap junctions
  • Two cells of the same type
  • Highly specialized and rare
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2
Q

Paracrine communication

A

Uses chemical signals to transfer information from cell to cell within single tissue
- most common form of intercellular communication

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3
Q

Endocrine communication

A

Endocrine cells release chemicals(hormones) into bloodstream
- alters metabolic activities of many tissues and organs simultaneously

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4
Q

Target cells

A

Are specific cells that possess receptors needed to bind and “read” hormonal messages

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5
Q

Hormones

A
  • Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or structural proteins
  • increase or decrease rate of synthesis
  • turn existing enzyme or membrane channel “on” or “off”
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6
Q

Synaptic communication

A

Ideal for crisis management

  • occur across synaptic cleft
  • chemical message is “neurotransmitter”
  • limited to a very specific area
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7
Q

Endocrine system

A

-Uses chemical messengers to relay information and instructions between cells

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8
Q

Classes of hormones

A

Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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9
Q

Secretion and distribution of hormones

A

Hormones circulate freely or travel bound to special carrier proteins

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10
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A

Are small molecules structurally relates to amino acids

  • tyrosine - thyroid hormones
  • tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin
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11
Q

The endocrine system directs ….

A

Long term processes such as puberty and pregnancy

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12
Q

Sudoriferous gland

A

Is NOT an endocrine gland

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13
Q

Gall bladder

A

DOES NOT contain endocrine tissue

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14
Q

Class of hormones that is water-soluble

A

Eicosanoids, amines, peptides, and proteins

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15
Q

Calcitonin and parathyroid

A

Have opposite effects in blood Ca2+ level, therefore they are considered to be antagonist

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16
Q

Hormone secretion is regulated by (3)

A

The nervous system, by other hormones; and by changes in blood composition

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17
Q

ADH

3 functions

A

Aka vasopressin; inhibits loss of water via urination; decreases loss of water via perspiration; and helps regulate blood pressure

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18
Q

The adrenal glands : location

A

Lie superior and medial to he kidneys

19
Q

Inner medulla: adrenal glands

A

derived from embryonic ectoderm,

20
Q

Outer cortex: adrenal glands

A

secrets hormones critical to maintenance of homeostasis

21
Q

A child has sugar for all three meals. His body tried to maintain his blood glucose level w/ normal range by

A

Increasing insulin secretion

22
Q

Fight-or-flight response

A

Is the body’s immediate response to a real or perceived threat to survival: elevates heart rate, respiration rates & blood glucose levels: decrease urinary and digestive functions

23
Q

Hormones remain functional for less than 1 hour than … (3) distributions

A

Diffuse out of the blood or bind to receptors on target cells; broken down and absorbed by cells of liver or kidneys; broken down by enzymes

24
Q

Presence or absence of specific receptors

A

Hormonal sensitivity

25
Q

Amplification

A

magnifies effect of hormone on target cell; Binding of small number of hormone molecules to membrane receptors; leads to thousands of second messengers in cell; magnifies effect of hormone on target cell

26
Q

Down-regulation

A

Presence of a hormone triggers decrease in number of hormone receptors; when levels are high cells become less sensitive

27
Q

Up-regulation

A

Absence of a hormones triggers increase in number of hormone receptors; levels are low cells become more sensitive

28
Q

G protein

A

Enzyme complex coupled to membrane receptor; link between first and second messenger

29
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Aka hypophysis: lies within the Stella Turcica: release 9 important peptide hormones: bind to receptors

30
Q

Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Aka adenohypophysis: hormones “turn on” endocrine glands or support other organs: three regions

31
Q

Portal vessels

A

Blood vessels link two capillary networks in the pituitary gland

32
Q

Thyroid glands

A

Lies anterior to thyroid cartilage of larynx: consists of two lobes: deliver nutrients & regulatory hormones

33
Q

Functions is thyroid hormones

A

Enter target cells by transport system: affect most cells of the body: in children essential for skeletal, muscular and nervous systems

34
Q

Calorigenic effect

A

Cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation: responsible for strong, immediate, & short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism

35
Q

Effects of PTH parathyroid hormone

A

Stimulate osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts: release calcium from bone: enhance re absorption of Ca2+ at kidneys, reduce urinary losses

36
Q

Zona reticularis

A

Network is endocrine cells: narrow band bordering each adrenal medulla

37
Q

Pineal gland

A

Lies posterior portion of roof of third ventricle: pea size:

38
Q

Pancreas

A

Lies between inferior boarder of the stomach: proximal portion of small intestine: exocrine and endocrine gland

39
Q

Blood glucose levels rise

A

Beta cells secrete insulin,

40
Q

Blood glucose levels low

A

Alpha cells release glucagon stimulating glucose release by liver

41
Q

Insulin

A

Peptide hormone released by beta cells

42
Q

Thymus

A

Help develop and maintain normal immune defenses

43
Q

Gonads

A

Testes : testosterone : secret inhidin in nurse cells, support differentiation and physical maturation of sperm

44
Q

Gonads: ovaries

A

Estrogens:

A&P 2 (6 decks)

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