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Human Physiology And Exercise > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What do exocrine glands do?

A

Secrete their products into ducts

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2
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

Release their hormones directly into the blood (without a duct)

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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers carried by the blood to target cells

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4
Q

What are the functions of hormones?

A

• Help regulate chemical composition and volume of internal environment, metabolism and energy balance, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibres, glandular secretions, and some immune system activities

• Control growth and development

• Regulate operation of reproductive system

• Help establish circadian rhythm

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5
Q

What are the three major structural classes of hormones?

A

• Amines (derivatives of the amino acid ‘tyrosine’)

• Peptides and proteins

• Steroids (produced from cholesterol by the adrenal cortex and the gonads)

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6
Q

Give examples of amines

A

• Thyroid hormones

• Dopamine

• Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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7
Q

Give an example of a peptide hormone

A

Insulin

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8
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones

A

• Aldosterone

• Cortisol

• Androgens (e.g. testosterone)

• Estrogens

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9
Q

How do peptide and catecholamine hormones circulate the body?

A

Mainly dissolved in plasma as they are water soluble (some bind to plasma proteins)

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10
Q

How do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate the body?

A

Mainly bound to plasma proteins (as they’re not water soluble)

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11
Q

What is the liver’s role in removing hormones from the plasma?

A

It is responsible for metabolic inactivation (metabolism/biotransformation)

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12
Q

What is the kidneys’ role in removing hormones from the plasma?

A

Filtering the blood, removing waste products (including hormones and their metabolites)

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13
Q

Which hormones are rapidly removed from the blood?

A

Peptide hormones and catecholamines (as they aren’t bound to plasma proteins)

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14
Q

Where are the majority of receptors for lipid-soluble steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

Inside target cells

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15
Q

Where are the receptors for water-soluble peptide hormones and catecholamines?

A

On the plasma membrane

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16
Q

What does the responsiveness of a target cell depend on?

A

• The hormone’s concentration in the blood

• The abundance of the target cell’s receptors

• Influences exerted by other hormones

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17
Q

What are the three types of hormonal interactions?

A

• Permissive

• Synergistic

• Antagonistic

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18
Q

Describe a permissive interaction and give an example of one

A

• An action of one hormone that enhances the responsiveness or activity of another hormone (one needs the other to work to its full extent)

• E.g. epinephrine and thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) stimulation of lipolysis

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19
Q

Describe a synergistic interaction and give an example of one

A

• The effect of two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than one hormone acting on its own

• E.g. follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogens

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20
Q

Describe an antagonistic interaction and give an example of one

A

• One hormone opposes the actions of another hormone

• E.g. insulin and glucagon

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21
Q

What are the inputs that control hormone secretion?

A

• Plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient that the hormone regulates

• Neural input to the endocrine cells

• Other hormones

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22
Q

What are the inputs that control hormone secretion?

A

• Plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient that the hormone regulates

• Neural input to the endocrine cells

• Other hormones

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23
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone

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24
Q

What is hyposecretion?

A

Too little hormones

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25
Q

What is hypersecretion?

A

Too much hormone

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26
Q

What is hyporesponsiveness?

A

Decreased responsiveness of the target cells to hormones

27
Q

What is hyperresponiveness?

A

Increased responsiveness of the target cells to hormones

28
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is connected via nerves?

A

Posterior

29
Q

Why is the posterior pituitary a neural extension of the hypothalamus?

A

• Hormones are synthesised in the hypothalamus

• Axons pass down the infundibulum, terminate in the posterior pituitary and release the hormones

30
Q

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • Growth hormone (GH)
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Prolactin
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising hormone (LH)
31
Q

What controls the secretion of anterior pituitary gland hormones?

A

Hypophysiotropic (hormones that act on other hormones) hormones via the portal vessels connecting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland (hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vessels)

32
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

33
Q

What does GnRH do?

A

Stimulates release of FSH and LH

34
Q

What does GHRH stand for?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

35
Q

What does SST stand for?

A

Somatostatin

36
Q

What does GHRH do?

A

Stimulates release of growth hormone

37
Q

What does SST do?

A

Inhibit release of GH

38
Q

What does TRH stand for?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

39
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

40
Q

What does TRH do?

A

Stimulates release of TSH

41
Q

What does DA stand for?

A

Dopamine

42
Q

What does CRH stand for?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

43
Q

What does DA do?

A

Inhibits release of prolactin

44
Q

What does CRH do?

A

Stimulates release of ACTH

45
Q

What does ACTH stand for?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

46
Q

What is TSH production controlled by?

A

Negative feedback action of T3 and T4 on the anterior pituitary gland and (to a lesser extent) the hypothalamus

47
Q

What condition does TSH cause?

A

Goiter (hypertrophy of thyroid tissue)

48
Q

What does TSH do?

A

Stimulate the release of thyroxine (T4 - four iodines) and triiodothyronine (T3 - three iodines)

49
Q

What are the actions of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)?

A

• Oxidative substrate metabolism

• Mitochondrial enzyme activity

• Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

• Metabolic rate

50
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Secretes cortisol (from adrenal glands)

51
Q

What are the physiological functions of cortisol in non-stressful situations?

A

• Affects responsiveness of smooth muscle to epinephrine and norepinephrine (permissive action) - thus helps maintaining normal blood pressure

• Required to maintain the certain enzyme concentrations involved in metabolic homeostasis - prevents plasma glucose concentration dropping too far below normal

• Has anti-inflammatory and anti-immune functions

52
Q

What are the physiological functions of cortisol in stressful situations?

A

• Stimulation of protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle, and elsewhere

• Stimulation of liver uptake of amino acids and their conversion to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

• Maintenance of plasma glucose concentrations

• Stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into the blood

• Enhanced vascular reactivity (improving cardiovascular performance)

• Unidentified protective effects against the damaging influences of stress

• Inhibition of inflammation and specific immune responses

• Inhibition of nonessential functions (e.g. reproduction and growth)

53
Q

Why does massaging to reduce circulating cortisol levels improve recovery?

A

• Cortisol at rest inhibits immune system

• Cortisol at rest inhibits inflammatory response

• Cortisol decreases capillary permeability in injured areas

54
Q

What are the most important hormones to human growth?

A

• GH

• IGF 1 and 2

• T3 (essential during childhood and adolescence)

• Insulin (mainly during foetal life)

• Testosterone and estradiol

55
Q

What does GH do?

A

• Stimulates the release of IGF-1 from the liver and many other cells

• IGF-1 then acts locally (and as a circulating hormone) to stimulate cell division

• GH also acts directly on cells to stimulate protein synthesis

56
Q

Where is testosterone produced in males and females?

A

• Males: testes (and others mentioned later)

• Females: smaller quantities produced in ovaries and adrenal cortex, and peripheral conversion of androgens

57
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Promotes muscle growth and development of male sex characteristics

58
Q

Where is oestrogen and progestogen produced in females, post-menopausal females and in males?

A

• Females: ovaries

• Post-menopausal females: some produced in smaller amounts by other tissues (e.g. liver, pancreas, bone, adrenal glands, skin, brain, adipose tissue and breasts)

• Males: oestrogen produced when FSH binds to FSH receptors

59
Q

What do oestrogen and progestogen do?

A

• Promotes development of female sex characteristics, regulates menstrual cycle and adipose tissue growth

• Oestrogen also promotes endothelia function (leading to reduced risk of CVD)

60
Q

What does DHEA stand for?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone

61
Q

What does DHEAS stand for?

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate

62
Q

What do DHEA and DHEAS do?

A

• Produced by adrenal cortex

• Precursors for sex hormones (e.g. testosterone and estradiol)

• Purported to be anti-ageing

63
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

• Oxytocin

• Vasopressin

64
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

• GH

• TSH

• SCTH

• Prolactin

• FSH

• LH

Human Physiology And Exercise (9 decks)

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