The Endocrine System Flashcards
analogue
something similar to something else (in design, origin, use) but differs slightly in composition
anaphylaxis
severe allergic reaction
autoimmune
disease in which the body produces antibodies that attack itself
basal
forming or belonging to a bottom layer or base; relating to maintaining the fundamental vital activities of an organism
bolus
a large dose of a substance given by injection to rapidly achieve concentration in the bloodstream
capillary
smallest blood vessel of the body; connects the veins and arteries
dextrose
glucose (sugar)
endocrine
relating to glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
exocrine
relating to glands that secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium
gangrene
the death of tissue due to loss of blood supply; may lead to bacterial infection
gastroparesis
nerve damage that affects the stomach and intestines
gestational
the period of time when something is conceived and developed
glucagon
hormone produced by the pancreas that causes the increase in the blood glucose level
glycemia
level of glucose in the body
glycosuria
high levels of glucose in the urine
goitre
swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland
hemodialysis
method of removing wastes from the blood for patients with kidney failure
immunosuppresive
suppressing or reducing the strength of the body’s immune system
insulin
hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood
ketoacidosis
occurs when the body cannot use glucose as a fuel source; fat is used for fuel instead
neuropathy
nerve damage with pain and numbness, caused by diabetes
retinopathy
disease where the capillaries in the back of the eye are damaged, causing loss of vision
subcutaneous
under the skin; an injection into the sc layer of skin
pancreas
organ that releases hormones into the digestive system
Islets of Langerhans
small clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas
Alpha cells
produce glucagon
Beta cells
produce insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
chronic disorder of glucose metabolism due to either the pancreas producing insufficient insulin, or the body not properly using the insulin produced
What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce:
i. thyroxine (T4)
ii. triiodothyronine (T3)
hyperthyroidism
thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone so all metabolic processes speed up
hypothyroidism
thyroid gland fails to produce sufficient thyroid hormones and the metabolic processes slow down
Insulins
replace the body’s natural insulin
List the 5 types of insulins:
i. Rapid-acting
ii. Short-acting
iii. Intermediate-acting
iv. Long-acting
v. Pre-mixed
Humalog
insulin lispro
NovoRapid
insulin aspart
Humulin R
Novolin ge Toronto
insulin regular
Humulin N
Novolin ge NPH
insulin NPH
Lantus
insulin glargine
Levemir
insulin detemir
Humulin 30/70
insulin regular/insulin NPH
Humalog Mix 75/25
insulin lispro 25%/lispro protamine 75%
NovoMix 30
insulin aspart/aspart protamine
Oral Diabetic Agents
help control blood glucose levels in people who produce some insulin
Sulfonylureas
stimulate insulin secretion
Diabeta
glyburide
Diamicron
glicazide
Biguanides
decrease insulin resistance
Glucophage
metformin
Thyroid Hormones
replace the body’s natural thyroid hormone
Synthroid, Eltroxin
levothyroxine
Glucocorticoids (GCs)
treat severe allergic reactions and inflammatory conditions (reduce inflammation)
Decadron
dexamethasone
Solu-Cortef
hydrocortisone
Type I Diabetes
immune system mistakenly attacks and kills the beta cells of the pancreas
Type II Diabetes
the pancreas does not produce enough insulin to meet the body’s needs and/or the body is unable to respond properly to the insulin
Gestational Diabetes
temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy
Blood Glucose Testing
diabetic patients closely monitor their blood glucose levels using a glucometer
List two examples of blood glucose tests performed by the Lab:
i. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
ii. Random Blood Sugar (RBS)
Insulin Pump
provides continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII)
