The Endocrine Pancreas- control of metabolism and biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Energy intake (food) is controlled by the balance of which two hypothalamic centres?

A

Feeding centre
Satiety centre

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2
Q

What does the feeding centre do?

A

Promotes the feelings of hunger and drive to eat

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3
Q

What does the satiety centre do?

A

Promotes feeling of fullness by supressing the feeding centre

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4
Q

Which centre is sensitive to insulin?

A

Satiety centre

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5
Q

Which peptide hormone is released by fat stores and depresses feeding activity?

A

Leptin

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6
Q

What are the three classes of energy output?

A

Cellular work
Mechanical work
Heat loss

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7
Q

Metabolism?

A

Integration of all biochemical reactions in the body

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8
Q

What are the three elements of metabolism?

A
  1. extracting nutrients from food
  2. storing that energy
  3. utilising that energy for work
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9
Q

Anabolic pathways?

Higher bio :)))

A

Build up- synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones
Often for storage purposes

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10
Q

Catabolic pathways?

Higher bio again :)))

A

Break down- degradation of large molecules into smaller
Releases energy in process

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11
Q

After eating, we enter an absorptive state. What does this mean?

A

Ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and the excess is stored

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12
Q

Is the absorptive state an anabolic or catabolic phase?

A

Anabolic

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13
Q

Between meals and overnight, we enter a post-absorptive state where we rely on body stores to provide energy. Is this stage an anabolic or catabolic phase?

A

Catabolic

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14
Q

Most cells can use carbs, fats or protein for energy but which part of the body ca only use glucose?

A

Brain

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15
Q

Therefore, in the post-absorptive state, even though no new carb are gained, blood glucose conc. must remain sufficient to meet needs to brain.
What ay occur if there is low blood glucose?

A

Hypoglycaemia which can lead to coma and death

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16
Q

How are blood glucose levels maintaned?

A

By synthesising glucose from glycogen (glycogenolysis) or amino acids (gluconeogenesis)

17
Q

What is a normal blood glucose level?

A

4.2-6.3 but tends to be remembered as 5mM

18
Q

At which blood glucose level will result in hypoglycaemia?

19
Q

Blood glucose is maintained over a fairly tight range regardless of what we eat or do due to which two endocrine hormones?

A

Insulin
Glucagon

20
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced?

21
Q

Which process allows the creation of glucose from amino acids?

A

Gluconeogenesis

22
Q

Which process breaks down glycogen stores?

A

Glycogenolysis

23
Q

Glycogenolysis
and gluconeogenesis are both stimulated by which hormone?

A

Glucagon

-> when the glucose is ‘gon’- thanks Mr Page xx

24
Q

Is glucagon catabolic or anabolic?

A

Catabolic

-> breaks down glycogen
->stimulates liver to create new glucose from amino acids

25
Which hormone raises blood glucose?
Glucagon
26
Which hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin
27
Is insulin an anabolic or catabolic hormone?
Anabolic
28
When is the only time there will be glucose in the urine?
When there is no insulin as it's the only hormone that reduces BG levels ->those w diabetes may have glucose in urine so if a GP suspects diabetes, urine tests will be done
29
The pancreas is a mixed endocrine and exocrine gland but does it have more endocrine or exocrine secretions?
Exocrine ->99% exocrine as releases enzymes to support digestion
30
Where are the hormones produced in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
31
What are the four types of Islets of Langerhans?
Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells F cells
32
What do alpha cells produce?
Glucagon
33
What do beta cells produce?
Insulin
34
What do delta cells produce?
Somatostatin
35
What do F cells produce?
Pancreatic polypeptide
36
What happens when insulin is dominant over glucagon?
Glucose is taken up by cells from plasma so BG decreases
37
What happens when glucagon is dominant over insulin?
Glucose released into plasma from stores so BG increases
38