The Endocrine Pancreas

Question 1

Define the feeding centre

Answer 1

System that promotes hunger and the drive to eat

Question 2

What is the satiety centre?

Answer 2

Promotes the feeling of fullness by suppressing the feeding centre

Question 3

What is the glucostatic theory of input?

Answer 3

Food intake is determined by blood glucose, being centre dominates when blood glucose levels drop

Question 4

What is the lipostatic theory of food intake?

Answer 4

Food intake is determined by the level of fat storage, as they increase the satiety centre takes over

Question 5

What is leptin?

Answer 5

Peptide hormone that is released by fat stored which depresses the feeding centre, obesity disrupts this

Question 6

What three processes contribute to energy output?

Answer 6

Cellular work - basically everything that keeps us alive at rest
Mechanical work - which can be cellular or mechanical workload
Heat loss - accounts for half f the workload

Question 7

What are the 3 elements of metabolism?

Answer 7

Extracting energy from nutrients
Storing that energy
utilising that energy for work

Question 8

What do anabolic things do?

Answer 8

Synthesis of molecules for storage purposes

Question 9

What do catabolic processes do?

Answer 9

Degrade large molecules to release energy

Question 10

What is the absorptive state?

Answer 10

Where invested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and the excess is then stored, this is an anabolic phase

Question 11

What is the fasting state?

Answer 11

Where the body relies on the body stores to provide energy and this is the catabolic phase

Question 12

What are non-obligatory glucose using tissues?

Answer 12

Tissues that use glucose as their primary source but can also get energy form other less favourable sources examples re skeletal, fat and most cells

Question 13

What is an obligatory glucose user and give an example?

Answer 13

A tissue that can only get energy from glucose and has the ‘right of way’ to its use i.e. the brain

Question 14

What does the brain use as an energy source in cases of severe starvation?

Answer 14

Begins to use proteins to create ketone bodies to use as an energy source

Question 15

What is the converted in glycogenolysis?

Answer 15

Glycogen is converted into glucose

Question 16

What is the process of glycogenesis?

Answer 16

The formation of glycogen in the liver form glucose

Question 17

In what process is fat converted into fatty acids?

Answer 17

Lipolysis

Question 18

What process converts amino acids into glucose?

Answer 18

Gluconeogenesis

Question 19

What process is lipogenesis?

Answer 19

The formation of fat stores from excess glucose or amino acids

Question 20

In what case is glucose present int he urine?

Answer 20

When there is an increase in blood glucose levels and a lack of insulin present i.e. in diabetes

Question 21

Give the normal range of blood glucose

Answer 21

4.2-6.3mM(80-120mg/dl)

Question 22

What is defined as hypoglycaemia in terms of the blood glucose?

Answer 22

3mM

Question 23

What percentage of the pancreas works as an exocrine gland?

Answer 23

99%

Question 24

What cells secrete glucagon?

Answer 24

Alpha cells

Question 25

What substance do B cells secrete?

Answer 25

Inulin

Question 26

What do delta cells secrete?

Answer 26

Somatostatin

Question 27

Which cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?

Answer 27

F cells

Question 28

What two hormones primarily determine the balance of blood glucose?

Answer 28

Insulin

Glucagon

Question 29

What happens in response to when the body is fasting?

Answer 29

Glucagon dominates so that more close is released into the blood to increase plasma concentration

Question 30

If there is a high glucose concentration in the blood, what will be the response of insulin?

Answer 30

It will dominate glucagon to increase glucose uptake and lead to decreased glucose concentration in the blood.