The Endocrine Pancreas 1 and 2

Question 1

What is the Glucostatic theory?

Answer 1

As blood glucose increases the drive to eat decreases

Question 2

What is the Lipostatic theory?

Answer 2

As fat stores increase the drive to eat decreases

Question 3

What 3 elements is metabolism composed of?

Answer 3

Cellular work
Storing energy
Utilizing energy

Question 4

What is the absorptive state?

Answer 4

Post meal, where nutrients eaten supply the energy needs of the body and the rest is stored

Question 5

What is the post-absorptive state?

Answer 5

Where the body relies on its stores for energy

Question 6

What is the normal range for blood glucose?

Answer 6

4.2-6.3mmol/l

Question 7

What do alpha cells within the pancreas secrete?

Answer 7

Glucagon

Question 8

What do beta cells within the pancreas secrete?

Answer 8

Insulin

Question 9

What do delta cells within the pancreas secrete?

Answer 9

Somatostatin (GHIH)

Question 10

What do F cells in the pancreas secrete?

Answer 10

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 11

What is insulin initially synthesized and stored as?

Answer 11

Synthesized as preproinsulin

Stored as proinsulin

Question 12

Which hormone dominates the absorptive/anabolic state?

Answer 12

Insulin

Question 13

Which hormone dominates the fasted state/catabolic state?

Answer 13

Glucagon

Question 14

What does insulin do in the fed state?

Answer 14

Increases glycogen synthesis
Increases fat synthesis
Increases protein synthesis

Question 15

What does glucagon do in the fasted state?

Answer 15

Increases glycogenolysis
Increases gluconeogenesis
Increases ketogenesis

Question 16

Describe the process which takes place in the pancreatic cells which release insulin

Answer 16

When there is high plasma glucose
Increase in ATP within Beta cell
Increase in intracellular K
This allows Ca entry into the cell
Ca signals trigger exocytosis of insulin

Question 17

What is the primary action of insulin?

Answer 17

It binds to Tyrosine Kinase Receptors on the cell membrane of insulin sensitive tissues

Question 18

In muscle and fat which transporters allow the uptake of glucose in the presence of insulin ?

Answer 18

GLUT-4

Question 19

Which insulin dependent transporter is present in hepatocytes?

Answer 19

GLUT-2

Question 20

What is the primary action of glucagon?

Answer 20

Opposes the action of insulin and raises BG

Question 21

What happens in the fed state within the hepatocytes?

Answer 21

Hepatocytes take up glucose as insulin is bound to hexokinase (GLUT-2)

Question 22

What happens in the fasting state within the hepatocytes?

Answer 22

Insulin is low and therefore gluconeogenesis takes place and therefore intracellular glucose is made which means the gradient now favors movement of glucose out of the cell

Question 23

Name some stimuli which increase insulin release

Answer 23

Increased blood glucose
Increased plasma AA's
Gastrin
Secretin
CCK
Vagal motor activity

Question 24

Name some stimuli which inhibit insulin release?

Answer 24

Low blood glucose
GHIH
Sympathetic affects
Stress

Question 25

Stimuli which promote glucagon release

Answer 25

``` Low blood glucose High AA's Sympathetic innervation Cortisol Stress ```

Question 26

Stimuli which inhibit glucagon release

Answer 26

``` Glucose FFA's Ketones Insulin GHIH ```

Question 27

What does exercise do for glucose uptake?

Answer 27

Increases entry of glucose into the cell in the absence of insulin - a state on insulin independence during exercise

Question 28

During starvation FFA's are broken down into what ? and what organs utilize this substrate?

Answer 28

Ketone bodies Brain and muscles Spares protein