The End Of The Yorkist Dynasty (1486-99) Flashcards
Consolidation of Henry VII’s throne
coronation:
- henry went to the Tower of London on 27th Oct 1485 and next day granted titles to loyal servants (Duke of Bedford to Jasper Tudor)
- his coronation took place on 30th Oct, the Archbishop of Canterbury anointed and crowned the new king
parliament:
- first parliament met on 7th Nov
- he required parliament to declare and confirm his kingship, to reverse and enact attainders, make financial arrangements and pass new laws
- its final act was to formally and publicly request the king to marry Elizabeth of York
- they received papal dispensation on the 2nd Mar
marriage:
- delayed it until after the coronation
- marriage was celebrated on 18th Jan 1486
- it was delayed until after Henry had faced his first serious challenge, Lambert Simnel
Propaganda:
- he used the symbol of the white and red rose to make the double Tudor rose
- king Arthur was a legendary protector of the British, Henry deliberately named his son after him
- presented himself as a reputable king through his welsh ancestry, used banner of red dragon at Bosworth
the north:
- he was unpopular in the North, people preferred Edward, Earl of Warwick (Clarence’s son)
- Henry had him and Northumberland arrested but were released soon after
- had Northumberland manage the North
- Henry began progress to the North in Mar 1486
Lovell revolt (Easter 1486)
- Francis Lovell, Humphrey Stafford and Thomas Stafford led the first Yorkist rebellion against Henry
- all three sought sanctuary at Colchester after fighting at Bosworth, but when Henry was travelling north on progress they left
- Lovell travelled north planning to ambush Henry while the Staffords went to Worcester to stir up a rebellion
- Henry sent aprox. 3,000 men to offer the rebels a choice of pardon, or if they fought death
- the rebels dispersed, Lovell fled to Flanders and the Staffords returned to sanctuary
- eventually they were arrested and Humphrey was executed
outcomes:
- Henry altered the rules of sanctuary making it impossible to plead in cases of treason
- Yorkists realised they needed a prince to stand against Henry
Yorkshire rebellion (1489)
causes:
- Henry wished to renew war with France and in 1489, parliament voted £100,000 to support the war
- the taxation brought about some extremely serious riots in Yorkshire and Durham
events:
Northumberland reported he could not get northerners to pay tax and Henry commanded him to use force
- unrest was led by John a Chambre of Alton, beginning on the 20th Apr 1489
- on the 28th Apr, Northumberland confronted Chambre and was killed
- the rebels successfully captured York, but Henry led a large force north and captured Chambre and hung him
outcomes:
- Northumberland killed
- Henry finally had suitable candidate for north; earl of Surrey more accepted the Northumberland, strengthening Henrys position in the north
Cornish rebellion (1497)
causes:
- followed attempts to raise tax in Cornwall for war against Scotland in relation to support of Warbeck
- parliament tried to protect poor by saying no one should pay unless they had income over 20 shillings annually, but this wasn’t applied in Cornwall
events:
- rebels were led by Thomas Flamanck & Michael Joseph with an army of around 6,000 peasants
- Warbeck joint the rebellion, strengthening it as it gave them someone to place on the throne if they won
- they made it all the way to Blackheath, but ultimately were put down
outcomes:
- rebels were able to reach as far as Blackheath without challenge, suggesting lack of support for Henry
The threat of Lambert Simnel
Lambert Simnel pretended to be Edward, Earl of Warwick (Clarence’s son)
- he was trained in courtly manners by Richard Simons
- Simnel had support from Ireland, Margaret of Burgundy, Lovell, Lincoln and Kildare
- Simnel was crowned ‘Edward VI’ on may 24th in Ireland and given 6,000 Irish supporters
- Margaret helped financially and provided 2,000 German mercenaries, led by Martin Shwartz
- Henry heard rumours of the imposture and called his counsel to agree preemptive actions to take
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4th June, Simnel landed in Cumbria and Henry made his way up North, meeting the rebels at Stoke
Battle of Stoke (16th Jun 1487): - the royal force outnumbered the rebels and the Irish rebels were ill equipped for fighting and they were defeated
- Lincoln and Martin Shwartz were killed in the fighting, while Simnel was captured but was not executed as he had been merely a puppet in the hands of adults
- it was the last battle in the WoR’s
The threat of Perkin Warbeck
Perkin Warbeck pretended to be Richard, Duke of York (Edward IV’s son)
- Nov 1491 Warbeck was declared to be Richard, Duke of York in Cork, with the support of Earl of Desmond, John Atwater and John Taylor
- Dec Henry responded quickly and Warbeck fled, arriving in France in Mar 1492 and Charles received him as a Prince
- Henry invaded France with Maxamilians initial support, but was ultimately let down by him
- Henry signed the Treaty of Etaples with France on 3rd Nov 1492, part of agreement was to not harbour impostures
- this angered Max, and Warbeck forced to flee to Low Countries and was greeted with support of Max and Margaret of Burgundy
- ambassadors sent to Margarets court, accusing her of plotting, which resulted in a trade embargo in Jul 1493
- Dec 1493 Max became HRE on his fathers death, Warbeck attended funeral
- Henry gathered evidence of plotters and found William Stanley to be plotting and executed him on 16th Feb 1495
- Prince Henry was created the Duke of York, the title Warbeck claimed
- 3rd Jul 1495 Warbeck invaded Kent but Kentish attacked, killing 150 rebels
- Warbeck was received by James in Scotland and married Lady Catherine Gordon
- Warbeck with Scottish support invaded Northumberland, and in response, Lord Neville was sent with a large force and Scots fled
- the rebels of the Cornish rebellion had called on Warbeck to lead them so plans were laid
- Warbeck was to lead an expedition by sea to Cornwall, while at the same time James would conduct another invasion of the North
- however by the time James had completed his preparations, the rebellion had already been put down
- Warbeck now left Scotland, being rejected by James as harbouring a pretender was damaging his international reputation, he landed in Cork but found he had little support, yet he continued his invasion plan and headed to Cornwall
- he was able to secure St. Michaels mount from where he attacked Exeter, but the city successfully defended itself and he withdrew to Tauton
- realising his cause was lost, he fled to sanctuary but was recognised and handed over to Henry
- Warbeck was able to escape custody but its suspected Henry let him to this, either to test his loyalty or to make his imprisonment appear legitimate
- he was able to scape again, this time with Edward, Earl of Warwick but was captured again
- Warbeck was hanged on 23rd Nov 1499 and Warwick on the 26th Nov
The impact of the WoR’s had on society
impact on nobles/commonality:
- 44 nobles killed
- also affected families; Cecily, Duchess of York lost: husband, 3 sons, 4 grandsons, 2 BIL, 1 SIL and numerous nephews and cousins
- deaths of so many allowed others to rise to power
- lower levels of society not as affected, many people were able to avoid conflict altogether
religion:
- Church didn’t get involved so was largely untouched
- exception of some individuals; George Neville, Archbishop of York
- sanctuary laws changed by Henry VII (making it impossible to plead in cases of treason)
towns:
- no english town suffered prolonged sieges
- looting was rare
- only a handful of towns were required for billeting military forces
- however some towns did suffer more then others (St Albans)
trade and economy:
- black death decreased population which improved conditions of many as England was overpopulated before 1349
- trade sometimes suffered (embargos during Simnel rebellion)
- piracy sometimes occurred, such as with Warwick
