The Eden Basin Case Study Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the River Eden flow?

A

Through Cumbria

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2
Q

Where is the drainage basin located?

A

In north-west England

Between the mountains of the Lake District and the Pennines

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3
Q

Which areas does the river drain?

A

North-east Lake District and the north-west Pennines

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4
Q

Where is the River Eden’s source?

A

In the Pennine hills in south Cumbria

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5
Q

In which direction does the river flow?

A

It flows north-west through Appleby-in-Westmorland

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6
Q

Where is the River Eden’s mouth?

A

Solway Firth at the Scottish border

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7
Q

Explain the rural and urban characteristics of the river

A

Mainly rural

Does flow through the city of Carlisle

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8
Q

What can cause flooding downstream?

A

The upland areas that drain into the River Eden can experience extreme weather.

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9
Q

Why is Carlisle particularly vulnerable to flooding?

A

Urban area- urban surfaces
At the confluence of the Eden, Petteril and Caldew rivers
Fairly low-lying

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10
Q

What is the rainfall like over the Eden basin?

A

It is higher than the national average

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11
Q

Why is there so much rainfall over the Eden basin?

A

Due to the relief of the area- the mountainous terrain encourages orographic rainfall.

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12
Q

What shape is the Eden basin?

A

It is long and narrow

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13
Q

Why is the lag time of the river long?

A

The basin is long and relatively narrow

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14
Q

What reduces the lag time and increases the peak discharge?

A

The slopes within the basin are very steep.

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15
Q

Where is the igneous rock found?

A

On the highest ground, to the west of the basin

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16
Q

Explain how igneous rocks reduce the lag time

A

Igneous rocks are impermeable and therefore infiltration is slow and surface runoff is high in these areas

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17
Q

What is type of rock is the majority of the basin made of?

A

Limestone and sandstone

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18
Q

Explain how sandstone and limestone increase the lag time

A

Infiltration is quick and there is little runoff

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19
Q

What is a benefit of sandstone and limestone?

A

Infiltration allows the amount of water in ground stores to increase.

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20
Q

What has happened to soils?

A

Soils have become compacted due to intense farming

21
Q

Why has intense farming compacted soils?

A

Heavy machinery and livestock have put pressure on the soil, compacting it.

22
Q

By what percentage did the amount of cattle in the Eden Valley increase between 2000-2009?

A

30%

23
Q

How does compaction of soil affect the local water cycle?

A

It reduces infiltration so surface runoff is higher and river levels rise faster, leading to flooding.

24
Q

How does grazing in upland areas affect the local water cycle?

A

It reduces the amount of vegetation that can intercept rainfall, more water can therefore reach rivers.

25
Q

Give an example of a development in Carlisle

A

Eden Gate

26
Q

Whereabouts is the Eden Gate development?

A

In the north of Carlisle

27
Q

Give an example of a construction plan in Carlisle

A

A huge “garden village” will be built to the south of the city

28
Q

How many homes will be built as a result of the new development?

A

Up to 10,000

29
Q

How does the construction of new urban areas affect infiltration?

A

Urban surfaces tend to be impermeable which reduces the size of infiltration flows and greatly increases the size and speed of surface runoff flows.

30
Q

What have some new developments near Carlisle been built of?

A

Floodplains

31
Q

What has had to be used to protect homes?

A

Flood defences

32
Q

What problem does building on floodplains cause?

A

It can cause flooding downstream because water that wold naturally infiltrate on the floodplains flows downstream instead.

33
Q

What has been removed from the Eden Basin?

A

Much of the original forest cover.

34
Q

What has replaced the original forest cover?

A

Large areas of open grassland and heathland

35
Q

How do trees affect infiltration and runoff?

A

They increase infiltration and decrease runoff

36
Q

What happens to a hydrograph due to increased runoff?

A

It becomes flashier

37
Q

What is predicted to change rainfall patterns in the UK?

A

Climate change

38
Q

How much more winter rainfall could the western UK see by 2080?

A

Parts of the western UK could get up to 355 more winter rainfall by 2080.

39
Q

What happened in December 2015?

A

Storm Desmond

40
Q

What did Storm Desmond cause in Cumbria?

A

Flooding

41
Q

What record did Storm Desmond bring to some parts of Cumbria?

A

Record rainfall

42
Q

How much rain fell in Shap?

A

262.6 mm of rainfall fell in 48 hours

43
Q

When did the village of Shap receive record rainfall?

A

4th- 6th December

44
Q

What is the average rainfall for December?

A

50mm

45
Q

Name two areas of the Eden Basin that were particularly badly affected?

A

.Appleby-in-Westmorland and Carlisle

46
Q

How many homes were flooded in Carlisle alone?

A

2000

47
Q

Where is the gauging station for the River Eden?

A

Linstock, just upstream of Carlisle

48
Q

What agency regularly publishes river flow readings from its gauges on its website?

A

The Environmental Agency