Stores of Water Flashcards
Atmospheric water
Water found in the atmosphere
How does water tend to be found in the atmosphere?
Water vapour
Liquid (cloud and rain droplets)
Ice crystals
Cryospheric water
Water locked up in the Earth’s surface as ice.
Hydrosphere
A discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth’s surface.
What does the hydrosphere include?
Liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil or rocks and atmospheric water.
Oceanic water
Water contained in the Earth’s oceans and seas BUT not including inland seas.
Terrestrial water
Groundwater, soil moisture, lakes, wetlands and rivers.
What percentage of water is freshwater?
3%
What percentage of water is stored in oceans?
97%
What percentage of easily accessible fresh surface water in found in lakes?
52%
For what percentage of the total water does atmospheric water account for?
0.4% of all water
How much of the planet’s surface do the oceans cover?
`72%
Why does oceanic water taste salty?
It contains dissolved salts.
What do the salts present in oceanic water allow it to do?
Stay as a liquid below 0 degrees C.
Are oceans acidic or alkaline?
Alkaline
What pH is oceanic water?
8.14
What was the pH of oceanic water 250 years ago?
8.25
Why has the pH of oceanic water decreased?
Due to the increase in atmospheric carbon.
What could the decrease in pH in oceans lead to?
Problems for marine ecosystems.
Where are the 5 locations of cryospheric water?
Sea ice Ice caps Ice sheets Alpine glaciers Permafrost
Give an example of sea ice
Ross ice shelf, Antarctica
Give an example of an ice cap
Iceland ice cap
Give an example of an ice sheet
Greenland ice sheer
Give an example of an alpine glacier
Mer de Glace, France
Give an example of permafrost
Alaska North Slope
How does sea ice form?
Water in the oceans is cooled to temperatures below freezing.
Why does sea ice not raise sea level when it melts?
It was formed from ocean water in the first place
What are ice shelves?
Platforms of ice that form where ice sheets and glaciers move out into the oceans.
Where do ice shelves mainly exist?
In Antarctica and Greenland but also in the Arctic near Canada and Alaska
What are icebergs?
Chunks of ice that break off glaciers and ice shelves and drift in oceans.
When do icebergs raise sea level?
When they leave the land.
Do icebergs raise sea level when they melt in the sea?
No
What are ice sheets?
A mass of glacial land extending more than 50,000 km2.
Where are the two major ice sheets?
Greenland and Antarctica
Where did ice sheets cover during the last ice age?
Greenland, Antarctica, North America, northern Europe and Argentina
What percentage of freshwater ice is held in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets?
99%
How far does the Antarctic Ice Sheet extend?
14million km2
How much ice does the Antarctic Ice Sheet contain?
30million km3
How far does the Greenland Ice Sheet extend?
1.7million km2
Where do ice sheets form?
In areas where the snow that falls over the winter does not melt entirely in the summer.
What are ice sheets constantly doing?
Moving downhill under their own weight.
Where does the ice sheet move when it is near the coast?
Through relatively fast-moving outlets called ice streams.
How big can ice streams be in the Antarctic?
Up to 50km wide, 2km thick and hundreds of km long.
What does an ice sheet need to do in order to remain stable?
Accumulate the same mass of snow as it loses to the sea.
By how many metres would sea levels rise if the Greenland Ice Sheet melted?
6m
By how many metres would sea levels rise if the Antarctic Ice Sheet melted?
60m
What are ice caps?
Thick layers of ice on land that are smaller than 50,000km2
Where are ice caps usually found?
In mountainous areas
What shape are ice caps?
Dome shaped
Where are ice caps centres?
Over the highest points of an upland area.
In which direction do ice caps flow?
Outwards, covering everything in their path.
What are ice caps a major source for?
Glaciers
What is Africa’s only ice cap?
The Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro
How big is the Furtwangler Glacier?
60,000m2
What is happening to the Furtwangler Glacier?
It is melting rapidly and may soon disappear