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Astronomy and Cosmology (intro) > The earth > Flashcards

The earth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the earht?

A

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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2
Q

What is the radius of the earth’s crust

A

5-50 km

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3
Q

What is the distance from the center of the earth to the crust

A

6400 km

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4
Q

What is the radius of the earth’s combined core

A

3500

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5
Q

What is the radius of just the earth’s inner core

A

1300

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6
Q

What is the earhts outer core like?

A

Hot liquid

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7
Q

What is the earhts inner core made of

A

Iron and nickel

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8
Q

What chemical in the earths atmosphere protects us from UV rays?

A

Ozone (O3)

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9
Q

What is convection

A

???

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10
Q

What keeps the earhts surface warm

A

Greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide

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11
Q

Why is the sky blue?

A

THe earht’s atmosphere scatters blue light from the sun more than red.

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12
Q

What is the great oxygenation event?

A

Blue-green algae photosynthesis kicked in (couple billion years ago) and oxygen (O2) is created

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13
Q

What causes a red sky?

A

Fires, eruptions ect. The difference in chemcials in the air change which color of light (RGB) is being scattered

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14
Q

Why does the atmosphere constantly have a “healthy” dose of carbon in ut?

A

The carbon cycle. Carbon gets reused and recycled through a combination of weather, erosion, and volcanic eruptions.

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15
Q

What is the greenhouse effect

A

Energy is trapped by carbon molecules (infrared)

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16
Q

What is a positive feedback effct?

A

Dangerous! Change in one direction causes additional change in the other direction
EG surface water on Venus boils H2O into the atmosphere bc hot —> H2O makes it more hot —-> more water gets boiled

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17
Q

What is a negative feedback effect?

A

Change in one direction causes a change in an opposing direction
EG: House gets cold —-> heating kicks on

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18
Q

What are convection cells in the atmosphere

A

Heat rises in one place and then comes down in another

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19
Q

What is the Coriolis effect

A

Earth is constantly rotating which deflects heat and storm systems horizontally

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20
Q

What causes spiral storm systems on the earth??

A

Coriolis effect/conservation of angular momentum causes opposing systems/winds to interact from opposite directions slightly skewed and create a spiral

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21
Q

How are storm systems different in the northern and southern hemisphere?

A

Rotate in opposite directions

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22
Q

What are jetstreams and where do they occur?

A

Within convection cells. Go aroudn the earth

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23
Q

What causes the tides on earth

A

Moon is simulttaneously pulling strongly on close side of the earth and weakly on its far side, but because it is also constantly changing this force is constantly shifting with the strongest force following the moon around the planet and pulling the tides with it.

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24
Q

What is the different between a spring tide and a neap tide?

A

Neap: weakest, 3rd and 1st quarter, moon is at 90 deg. from sun
spring: strongest, new and full, moon is in line with earth and sun

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25
Q

What is a king tide?

A

Spring tide when moon is closest to earth

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26
Q

What is happening to the earths rotation over time?

A

It is slowing down- transferring its angular momentum to the moon

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27
Q

What does the transfer of angular momentum from the earth to the moon do to the moon over time?
Pushes it farther away

A
28
Q

What caused the glacial advance(s)

A

Variation in the earth’s orbit and tilt

29
Q

What was the last (most recent) glacial advance

A

Wisconsin glacial

30
Q

What are the two closest evidences of glaciation to us?

A

Verrazano Narrows and the terminal moraine in between exit 10 and exit 11 on the NJTP (highest point is water supply)

31
Q

What did the great oxygenation event cause?

A

O2, Fe2O3- Created banded iron formations (milanmkovitch cycles)

32
Q

What is the generic name for effects caused by the earths orbit and tilt?

A

Milankovitch cycles

33
Q

What are Sheer waves (S-waves

A

sideways compared to direction of propogation (squiggly)

34
Q

What can S- Waves go through?

A

Only solids

35
Q

What are P- waves

A

go along the direction of propogation (straight across)

36
Q

What kind of waves are sound waves?

A

P- waves

37
Q

What can P- waves travel through?

A

gases liquids and solids

38
Q

Which type of wave did we feel in the new jersey earth quake?

A

S-waves

39
Q

What are s waves and p waaves used for in terms of scientific discovery

A

Mapping out the interior of the earth based on time of earthquake and time of arival

40
Q

How do we know what the earhts core is made of?

A

Since s waves can only pass thru solids, we see the point at which they can and cant pass through to know that there is a liquid interior

41
Q

What are the inner and outer core made of?

A

Liquid/solid iron and nickel

42
Q

What is the mantle made out of

A

silicase

43
Q

What keeps the interior of the earth warm?

A

radioactive decay (heavy elements that sank are now decaying)

44
Q

What carries out the heat transfer in the mantle?

A

Convection

45
Q

What does convection in the earths mantle lead to

A

movement of tectonic plates (up and down like a rotating conveyer

46
Q

How were the earhts tectonic plates discovered?

A

matching fossils on opposing sides of the world

47
Q

Where is iceland located

A

The middle of the midoceanic ridge

48
Q

Where was the spot that the ocean shores flooding was measured with magnetic feilds?

A

Somewhere on the pacific

49
Q

What causes the earhts magnetic feild?

A

the “dynamo” that creates a sort of “bar magnet” - circulating electric current

50
Q

What happens to the earths magnetic feild regularly

A

it flips

51
Q

how do we know that the earths magnetic field flips

A

rocks and shit bc when it hardns it always points in the certain way and then it flips we’ve found rocks from both ways

52
Q

What is true about the magnetism on either side of the pacific oceanic ridge

A

symmetrical features

53
Q

What is magnetization of molten rocks durign solidification

A

> iron and shit randomly oriented when hot not magnetic
will remember the direction of the magnetic field that it is cooled in

54
Q

Where were plate tectonics nailed down

A

Specific symmetrical spot in the south pacific ocean

55
Q

Know map of the things about plate tectonics

A
56
Q

What is hawaii

A

a string of hotspot sheild volcanos- islands get pushed up as crust gets pushed over the hotspots

57
Q

what mountain ranges used to be connected?

A

Iberian-Appalachians (west Virginia)

58
Q

What happens if you shoot a particle across magnetic field lines

A

it gets steered to the side

59
Q

What does earths magnetic feild protect us from

A

charged particles from the sun (solar wind)

60
Q

why is life on mars wonky

A

solar wind no protection shawty has no magnetic feild

61
Q

What do you need for a magnetic dynamo (pseudo magnet)

A
  • rotation (fast for turbulence
  • liquid metallic (conduction)
62
Q

What was the crater that killed the dinos

A

Chixiclub (mexicos arm)

63
Q

what is the main signature of the dinasours being dead from chixiclub

A

Iridium boundary IR (outer space:!) all of the rest of it sank into the core

64
Q

Charged particle formuula

A
65
Q

How do charged particles feel force depending on magnetic field presence?

A

no magnetic - no force
along - no force
perpendicular - to B feel force perpendicular to both

66
Q

what happens to a charged particle that runs along a magnetic feild line?

A

curly cue!

67
Q

What do charged particles on the surface of the sun do?

A

run along magnetic feild lines between sunspots

Astronomy and Cosmology (intro) (17 decks)

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