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Head And Neck > The Ear > Flashcards

The Ear Flashcards

0
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

To collect sound.

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1
Q

What does the external ear consist of?

A

The auricle

The external acoustic meatus

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2
Q

What does the middle ear consist of?

A

Tympanic cavity
Epitympanic recess
Auditory ossicles

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3
Q

What connects the nasopharynx to the middle ear?

A

Eustachian tube

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4
Q

What does the middle ear communicate with posterolaterally?

A

Mastoid cells

Mastoid process of temporal bone

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5
Q

Name the auditory muscles.

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympani

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6
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A 
Vestibule 
Semicircular ducts and canals
Cochlea
Cochlear ducts
Organ of corti
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7
Q

Describe the auricle.

A

Irregularly shaped elastic cartilage covered by thick skin.
Several depressions and elevations including the helix and tragus.
Non-cartilaginous lobule consisting of fat and fibrous tissue

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7
Q

What is the blood supply to the auricle?

A

Branches of the external carotid artery:
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery

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8
Q

What is the sensory innervation to the auricle?

A 
Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of Mandibular nerve CNV3)
Great auricular nerve
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9
Q

Describe the external acoustic meatus.

A

Lateral third is a cartilaginous tube. Medial two thirds is a bony canal.
Lies within the temporal bone.
Lined by cerumen secreting skin.
Sigmoid shaped.

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10
Q

Describe the tympanic membrane.

A

A shallow cone with its apex pointing medially.
1 cm in diameter.
Has a thin, semi-transparent, pearly grey membrane.
Blood vessels visible around its periphery.

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11
Q

Describe the innervation of the tympanic membrane.

A

The external surface is innervation by the auricular branch of vagus and the auricular temporal nerve (branch of CNV3).
The internal surface is innervated by the glossy pharyngeal nerve.

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12
Q

What can happen to the tympanic membrane during disease?

A

Becomes dull and red/yellow.
Blood vessels may be dilated.
Tympanosclerosis- dense white plaques.
Perforation of membrane- trauma, infection.
Bulging membrane- pus/fluid in middle ear.
Retracted membrane- intratympanic cavity pressure reduced by obstruction of the Eustachian tube.

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13
Q

Where can the middle ear be found?

A

Petrous part of the temporal bone

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14
Q

What two areas make up the middle ear?

A
  • Tympanic cavity proper

- Epitympanic recess

15
Q

What is the tympanic cavity connected to anteromedially?

A

Nasopharynx

16
Q

What is the tympanic cavity connected to posterolaterally?

A

Mastoid air cells

17
Q

Describe the action of tensor tympani.

A
  • Inserts into handle of malleus
  • Pulls handle medially
  • Tenses the tympanic membrane to reduce amplitude of oscillations, preventing damage to the middle inner ear on loud sounds
18
Q

Describe the action of stapedius.

A
  • Pulls stapes posterior lay and tilts its base into the oval window
  • Tightening anular ligaments and reducing oscillatory range
  • Prevents excessive movement of stapes
19
Q

What lies in the facial canal?

A

Facial nerve

20
Q

Where is the facial canal?

A

Middle ear

21
Q

How is an auricular haematoma produced?

A

Bleeding in the auricle due to trauma. A localised collection of blood forms between the perichondrium and auricular cartilage.

22
Q

What will happen if an auricular haematoma is not aspirated?

A

Fibrosis will develop in the overlying skin. This is known as boxer’s/ cauliflower ear.

23
Q

What is Boxer’s/ Cauliflower ear?

A

An auricular haematoma, where the blood has not been aspirated leading to fibrosis of the overlying skin.

24
Q

Name four congenital pinna deformities.

A
  • Antihelix deformity
  • Pinna malformation
  • Pre-auricular pit
  • Pre-auricular skin tag
25
Q

What is Acute otitis externa?

A

Infection/inflammation of the external acoustic meatus.

26
Q

What are the symptoms of acute otitis externa?

A

Itching and pain in the external ear. Worse of applying pressure to the tragus/ pulling the auricle.

27
Q

Who is at risk of developing acute otitis externa?

A

Swimmer that do not properly dry their meatus after swimming.

28
Q

What is otitis media?

A

Infection of the middle ear.

29
Q

How can a otitis media arise?

A

Secondary to URTI. Spreads into the tympanic cavity via the Eustachian tube.

30
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of otitis media?

A
  • Earache

- Bulging red tympanic membrane

Head And Neck (12 decks)

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