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[5] MODULE 3 BACTE LEC > The Duality of the Immune SysteM > Flashcards

The Duality of the Immune SysteM Flashcards

1
Q

Antibody-Mediated Immunity

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

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2
Q

Humor

A

fluid

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3
Q

Antibody production

A

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

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4
Q

processes of HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A
  1. Activation of B cells
  2. Proliferation
  3. Differentiation
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5
Q

Proteins secreted un response to contact with antigens

A

ANTIBODY

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6
Q

ANTIBODY Moves to the

A

GAMMA of globulin

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7
Q

Protein migration:

A

Cathode to Anode

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8
Q

ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

A

FAB FRAGMENT

Fc FRAGMENT

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9
Q

o 1 light chain
o Half of heavy chain
o Binds to antigen

A

FAB FRAGMENT

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10
Q

o Crystallizable at 4C
o Half of heavy chain
o Binds to cell or phagocyte

A

Fc FRAGMENT

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11
Q

MECHANISM OF ACTION: ANTIBODY

A
  1. AGGLUTINATION AND PRECIPITATIOMN
  2. OPSONIZATION
  3. TOXIN NEUTRALIZATION
  4. STERIC HINDRANCE
  5. ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT
  6. ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOXITY
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12
Q

Reaction between a SOLUBLE antibody and a PARTICULATE antigen

A

AGGLUTINATION

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13
Q

Clumps the antigens together to facilitate phagocytosis

A

AGGLUTINATION

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14
Q

Reduces number of infectious units to be dealt with

A

AGGLUTINATION

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15
Q

reaction between a Soluble antibody and SOLUBLE antigen

A

PRECIPITATION

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16
Q

Coating antigen with antibody to enhance phagocytes

A

OPSONIZATION

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17
Q

Causes inflammation and lysis; Serum proteins

A

ACTIVATION OF COMPLEMENT

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18
Q

Binding on cell surface before the antigens

A

STERIC HINDRANCE

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19
Q

Antibody-antigen complex initiates

A

COMPLEX FIXATION

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20
Q

Formation of MAC complex; Cell lysis

A

COMPLEX FIXATION

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21
Q

Antibody attached to target cell cause destruction by macrophages, eosinophils and NK cells

A

ANTIBODY DEPENDENT CELLULAR CYTOXITY

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22
Q

Cells in CELLULAR IMMUNITY

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Antigen Presenting Cells
  3. T cells
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23
Q

Induce immune response by Tcells

A

Antigen Presenting Cells/Dendritic cell

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24
Q

types of T-HELPER CELLS

A

T-Helper Cells (A. Memory T cells; B. Cytokines)

T- Cytotoxic Cells

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25
Q

 Activation
 Secretes perforins
 Causes lysis of infected host cell

A

T- Cytotoxic Cells

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26
Q

types of T CELLS

A 
T-HELPER (TH1) CELSS
T-HELPER (TH2) CELSS
T-HELPER (TH17) CELSS
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)
T Regulatory (Treg) Cell
Activated Macrophage
Neutral Killer (NK) Cell
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27
Q

types of T CELLS

A 
T-HELPER (TH1) CELSS
T-HELPER (TH2) CELSS
T-HELPER (TH17) CELSS
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)
T Regulatory (Treg) Cell
Activated Macrophage
Neutral Killer (NK) Cell
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28
Q

Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity: macrophages, Tc cells, and natural killer cells

A

T-HELPER (TH1) CELSS

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29
Q

Stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM, and IgE

A

T-HELPER (TH2) CELSS

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30
Q

Recruits neutrophil; stimulates production of antimicrobial proteins

A

T-HELPER (TH17) CELSS

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31
Q

Destroys target cells on contact; generated from T cytotoxic cell

A

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL)

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32
Q

Regulates immune response and helps maintain self-tolerance

A

T Regulatory (Treg) Cell

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33
Q

Enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer rolls

A

Neutral Killer (NK) Cell

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34
Q

Attacks and destroys target cell; participates in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxity

A

Neutral Killer (NK) Cell

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35
Q

TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

A

NATURAL IMMUNITY

ARTIFICIAL IMMUNITY

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36
Q

Transfer of antibodies from mother to her infant; Temporary immunity to newborn

A

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

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37
Q

Exposure to antigen; Infection

A

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

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38
Q

Injection of antigen

A

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

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39
Q

Vaccination of antigenic preparations:

A
  1. Toxoids
  2. Attenuated cell
  3. killed organism
  4. Capsular Polysaccharide
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40
Q

Injection of antibodies

A

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

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41
Q

Factors of COLONIZATION AND DISSEMINATION

A
  1. Host defense mechanism

2. Pathogenicity and Virulence

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42
Q

refers to the ability of a microbe to cause disease in the host

A

Pathogenicity

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43
Q

disease-causing microbes

A

Pathogens

44
Q

microorganism that does not associate with their host except in the case of disease; may cause disease to normal individual

A

True pathogens

45
Q

microorganism causing disease when one or more of the defense mechanisms designed to restrict them from the usually sterile internal tissues are breached by accident. by intent, or by an underlying metabolic or an infectious disorder

A

Opportunist

46
Q

Degree or intensity of pathogenicity

A

Virulence

47
Q

Refers to the characteristics of the organism that enable them to cause disease

A

Virulence factors

48
Q

shows the two difference between two different SPECIES

A

PATHOGENICITY

49
Q

shows the difference between two STRAINS

A

VIRULENCE

50
Q

MECHANISMS OF INVASIVENESS

A
  1. Adhesins
  2. Invasins
  3. Aggresins
51
Q

MECHANISMS OF TOXIGENESIS

A
  1. Exotoxin

2. Endotoxins

52
Q

Structures that attach to the host cells or tissues

A

Adhesins

53
Q
  • Substances that act locally
  • Damages host cells or tissues
  • Facilitate growth and dissemination
A

Invasins

54
Q

ENZYMES: Invasins

A
  1. Hylarunonidase
  2. Collagenase
  3. Kinases
  4. Coagulase
55
Q

“Spreading factor”

A

Hyaluronidase

56
Q

Digest the “cement” component

A

Hyaluronidase

57
Q

Digest the primary connective tissues

A

Collagenase

58
Q

presence of Collagenase in

A

Clostridium perfringens

59
Q

“Streptokinase” or “Fibrinolysin”

A

Kinases

60
Q

Acts on fibrinogen

A

Coagulase

61
Q

Refers to bacterial features that allow the organism to resist the host-defense mechanism

A

Aggresins

62
Q

host-defense mechanism

A
  • Against phagocytosis

- Against Immune response

63
Q

Against phagocytosis

A
  1. Inhibition of Chemotaxis
  2. Avoiding contact with phagocytes
  3. Inhibition of Opsonization
  4. Inhibition of Phagolysosome formation
  5. Resistance to killing by lysosomal factors
  6. Escape from phagosome
  7. Killing of phagocytes
64
Q

Inhibition of chemotaxis: example

A

STREPTOLYSIN O

65
Q

kills the phagocytes

A

Inhibition of chemotaxis

66
Q

CAPSULES

A

Avoiding contact with phagocyte

67
Q

Inhibition of phagolysosome: example

A

EXAMPLE: SULFATIDE

68
Q

Resistance to lysozymes: example

A

EXAMPLE: Mycolic Acid

69
Q

Escape to the cytoplasm

A

Escape from phagosome

70
Q

Digestion of the membrane of the phagosome

A

Escape from phagosome

71
Q

Escape from phagosome: example

A

Example: Phospholipase

72
Q

Killing phagocytes

A
  • Streptolysin O

- Leukocidins

73
Q

AGAINST IMMUNE RESPONS

A
  1. Molecular Mimicry
  2. Antigenic Disguise
  3. Local Interference with Antibody Activity
  4. Antibodies absorbed by Soluble Bacterial Antigens
  5. Induction of Ineffective Antibodies
74
Q

-Mimics the host structures

A

Molecular mimicry

75
Q

Hyaluronic acid in the capsule

A

Molecular mimicry

76
Q

Hides their antigenic surface to the antibodies

A

Antigenic disguise

77
Q

Produces IgA protease that inactivates IgA

A

Local Interference with Antibody Activity

78
Q

Production of antigens that will neutralize the antibodies

A

Antibodies absorbed by Soluble Bacterial Antigens

79
Q

Stimulate production of weak antibodies

Example: Reduction Modifiable Proteins

A

Induction of Ineffective Antibodies

80
Q

Modifying their antigenic determinants within a course of disease

A

ANTIGENIC VARIATION

81
Q

Prevents anamnesis and secondary immune response

A

ANTIGENIC VARIATION

82
Q

ability to cause disease due to production of toxins

A

TOXIGENESIS

83
Q

TYPES OF TOXIGENESIS

A

o Exotoxins

o Endotoxins

84
Q

TYPES OF TOXINS

A
  1. SOURCE
  2. LETHAL DOSE
  3. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
  4. EFFECT
  5. MANNER OF RELEASE
  6. HEAT DENATURATION
  7. TOXICITY
  8. IMMUNOLOGY
85
Q

SOURCE: EXOTOXIN

A

Elaborated by few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

86
Q

SOURCE: ENDOTOXIN

A

Elaborated by Gram-negative bacteria

87
Q

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: EXOTOXIN

A

Proteins or peptides

88
Q

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION: ENDOTOXIN

A

Lipids or lipopolysaccharides

89
Q

MANNER OF RELEASE TOXICITY: EXOTOXIN

A

Secreted by living cells; Highly toxic

90
Q

MANNER OF RELEASE TOXICITY: ENDOTOXIN

A

Lysis of bacterial cells; Low toxicity

91
Q

LETHAL DOSE EFFECT ON THE HOST: EXOTOXIN

A

-Low concentration; Specific for particular structure or function

92
Q

LETHAL DOSE EFFECT ON THE HOST: ENDOTOXIN

A

-High concentration; Generalized and produces the same effects

93
Q
  • Heat labile
  • Can be converted to toxoids
  • Can be neutralized
A

LETHAL DOSE EFFECT ON THE HOST

94
Q
  • Heat stable

- Cannot be converted to toxoids

A

HEAT DENATURATION

95
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CYCLE

A

a. SOURCE OF THE PATHOGEN
b. TRANSMISSION TO HOST
c. PORTAL OF ENTRY
d. COLONIZATION AND DISSEMINATION

96
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE CYCLE

A

a. INFECTION

b. PREVENTION AND CONTROL

97
Q

CLINICAL STAGES OF INFECTION

A

a. INCUBATION PERIOD
b. PRODROMIUM
c. PERIOD OF ACTIVE INVASION
d. CONVALESCENCE

98
Q

CLINICAL STAGES

A

INCUBATION
PRODROMIUM
ACTIVE INVASION
CONVALESCENCE

99
Q

TYPES OF INFECTION

A 
DURATION
LOCATION
BLOOD
OCCURRENCE
MANIFESTATION
DISEASE DISTRIBUTION
100
Q

DURATION

A
  1. ACUTE

2. CHRONIC

101
Q

LOCATION

A
  1. LOCALIZED

2. SYSTEMICFOCAL

102
Q

BLOOD

A
  1. BACTEREMIA
  2. SEPTICEMIA
  3. TOXEMIA
103
Q

OCCURRENCE

A
  1. PRIMARY INFECTION
  2. SECONDARY INFECTION
  3. MIXED INFECTION
104
Q

MANIFESTATION

A
  1. ASYMPTOMATIC
  2. LATENT
  3. SYMPTOMATIC
105
Q

DISEASE DISTRIBUTION

A
  1. ENDEMIC
  2. SPORADIC
  3. EPIDEMIC
  4. PANDEMIC
106
Q

PREVENTION AND CONTROL

A
  1. TREATMENT OF HUMAN RESERVOIR
  2. CONTROL OF ANIMAL RESERVOIR
  3. CONTROL OF VECTORS
  4. REDUCTION OF VEHICLE CONTAMINATION
  5. INTERRUPTION OF TRANSMISSION
  6. IMMUNIZATION
  7. NOTIFICATION OF HEALTH AUTHORITIES
  8. PUBLIC EDUCATION

[5] MODULE 3 BACTE LEC (2 decks)

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