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[5] MODULE 3 BACTE LEC > Host and Microbe Interaction > Flashcards

Host and Microbe Interaction Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

sym; bios

A

Living together

Gk. sym - together; bios - life

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2
Q

Benefits both organism

A

Mutualism

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3
Q

Mutualism example

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus and Human

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4
Q

Mutualism: BENEFIT FROM HOST

A

 Shelter

 Source of nutrition

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5
Q

Mutualism: BENEFIT FROM MUTUALIST

A

 Normalize pH

 Inhibit growth of pathogenic organism

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6
Q

one organism benefits

A

Commensalism

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7
Q

host is harmed or damaged

A

Commensalism

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8
Q

acquisition of the microorganism

A

CONTACT

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9
Q

stays temporarily on the body

A

Transient flora

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10
Q

removed by cleansing activity

A

Transient flora

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11
Q

relatively permanent population of microorgganism

A

Normal flora

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12
Q

does not cause disease under normal conditions

A

Normal flora

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13
Q

prevents colonization of pathogens

A

Antagonist

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14
Q

mechanism of Antagonist

A

o Competition

o Bacteriocin secretion

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15
Q

Major sources of vitamins

A

o Vitamin K

o Vitamin B

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16
Q

Factors for Normal Flora to Cause Disease

A
  1. Mechanical transfer to another site
  2. Immunocompromised host
  3. Predisposing factors
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17
Q

entry, establishment, and invasion pf the body by PATHOGENS

A

INFECTION

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18
Q

 harbors a specific pathogen
 no discernible damage
 no signs or symptoms

A

Carrier state 

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19
Q

 harbors a specific pathogen
 no discernible damage
 no signs or symptoms

A

Carrier state

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20
Q

 when the infection has stopped

 active immune response toward the organism

A

Immunity/Cure

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21
Q

 imbalance or deviation in health

 if the infection cause damage

A

Infectious Disease

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22
Q

the presence of a PATHOGEN whether it causes damage or not

A

INFECTION

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23
Q

We consider it DISEASE if it already causes damage

A

DISEASE

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24
Q

Types of pathogen according to source

A

EXOGENOUS

ENDOGENOUS

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25
Q

inanimate or animate object from which the pathogen are acquired

A

SOURCE OF THE PATHOGEN

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26
Q

outside the host

A

EXOGENOUS

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27
Q

within the host

A

ENDOGENOUS

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28
Q

inanimate or animate w/c the organism is NORMALLY LIVING

A

RESERVOIR

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29
Q

RESERVOIR: humans and animals

A

animate

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30
Q

RESERVOIR: soil and water

A

inanimate

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31
Q

Types of Infectious Disease

A
  1. Contagious Infectious Disease
  2. Communicable Infectious Disease
  3. Non-communicable Infectious Disease
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32
Q

readily or highly transmissible especially through direct contact

A

Contagious Infectious Disease

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33
Q

Transmissible (direct or indirectly) from host to host

A

Communicable Infectious Disease

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34
Q

transmitted to the host by other means

A

Non-communicable Infectious Disease

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35
Q

example: Tetanus

A

Non-communicable Infectious Disease

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36
Q

Modes of Transmission

A
  1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION
  2. AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
  3. COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
  4. VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION
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37
Q

coming together of the source and host

A

CONTACT TRANSMISSION

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38
Q

Coming together of the portal of exit of one host and of the portal of entry of another host

A

DIRECT CONTACT

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39
Q

person to person contact

A

Horizontal

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40
Q

mother to newborn contact

A

Vertical

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41
Q

transmitted by an intermediate object

A

INDIRECT CONTACT

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42
Q

forms of INDIRECT CONTACT

A

Formites

Droplet transmission

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43
Q

 EXPELLED moist particles that contain an infectious agent

A

Droplet transmission

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44
Q

 EXPELLED moist particles that contain an infectious agent

A

Droplet transmission

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45
Q

 Source and host are near each other

A

Droplet transmission

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46
Q

TRANSMISSION VIA DROPLET NUCLEI

A

AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

47
Q

<5 microns; does not settle; associated w/ viruses

A

AIR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

48
Q

inanimate object reservoir

A

COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION

49
Q

COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION examples of reservoir

A

soil, water, blood

50
Q

Invertebrates that harbor infectious agents

A

VECTOR

51
Q

VECTORS INCLUDE

A

o Arthropods
o Insects
o Mollusk
o Arachnids

52
Q

Types of VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION

A

Mechanical

Biological

53
Q

VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION for transport

A

Mechanical

54
Q

VECTOR-BORNE TRANSMISSION: essential in the life cycle of the infectious agent

A

Biological

55
Q

PORTAL OF ENTRY

A
  1. Gastrointestinal Tract
  2. Respiratory Treat
  3. Skin or Mucous Membrane
  4. Genito-urinary Tract
  5. Blood
  6. Transplacental
56
Q

Preferred portal of entry

A

 GIT: Salmonella typhi

 RT: Streptococcus pneumoniae

57
Q

“NATURAL” or “INNATE” defense

A

NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES

58
Q

Against any ANTIGEN

A

NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES

59
Q

“NATURAL” or “INNATE” defense

A

NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES

60
Q

Functions of NON-SPECIFIC DEFENSES

A

o Provide GENERALIZED protection
o Present at birth
o Not enhanced

61
Q

Offers protection at the site of inoculation

A

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE

62
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: 4 MECHANISMS

A
  1. Physical
  2. Physiological
  3. Mechanical
  4. Microbial antagonism
63
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE Includes

A

o Non-specific cells of the body

o Chemical response

64
Q

SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE: 2 MECHANISMS

A

PHAGOCYTOSIS

INFLAMMATION

65
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM

  1. Physical
A

 skin

 mucous membrane

66
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM

2. Physiological

A

 dryness
 acidic
 sweat
 mucus

67
Q

FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE: MECHANISM

3. Mechanical

A

 continuous removal from site of attachment

 example: desquamation

68
Q

either FIXED or WANDERING

A

MACROPHAGES

69
Q

STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  1. Initiation/Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Elimination
70
Q

STEPS IN PHAGOCYTOSIS

A
  1. Initiation/Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence
  3. Ingestion
  4. Digestion
  5. Elimination
71
Q

directional movement of phagocytes in response to chemical stimuli

A

Initiation/Chemotaxis

72
Q

attachment of the phagocyte to the plasma membrane

A

Adherence

73
Q

Adherence is facilitated by

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patter (PAMPS)

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

74
Q

general recognition of the microorganism

A

UNENHANCED Adherence

75
Q

microorganisms are coated with serum proteins

A

ENHANCED Adherence

76
Q

acts as a bridge with the phagocyte

A

opsonins

77
Q

encloses the microbe to form a vesicle

A

Ingestion

78
Q

phagosome formation

A

Ingestion

79
Q

Phagolysosome formation

A

Digestion

80
Q

Fusion of the phagosome and lysosome

A

Phagolysosome

81
Q

Degranulation

A

Digestion

82
Q

EXOCYTOSIS of undigested materials

A

Elimination

83
Q

mechanism of protection from tissue injury

A

INFLAMMATION

84
Q

Clinical Signs of Inflammation

A

Rubor
Calor
Tumor
Dolor

85
Q

redness

A

Rubor

86
Q

temperature

A

Calor

87
Q

swelling

A

Tumor

88
Q

pain

A

Dolor

89
Q

Stages of Inflammation

A
  1. Vascular response
  2. Cellular response
  3. Tissue repair
  4. Chemical response
90
Q

Lysozome; Peroxidase

A

Chemical response

91
Q

Processes in Vascular response

A

 Vasoconstriction
 Vasodilation
 Increased capillary permeability

92
Q

Processes in Cellular response

A

 Phagocyte migration
 Increased phagocytic activity
 Abscess formation

93
Q

Processes in Tissue repair

A

 Fibroblast proliferation

94
Q

COMPLETE SYSTEM; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; FIVE IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES

A

Chemical response

95
Q

SPECIFIC DEFENSES

A
  1. ACQUIRED OR ADAPTIVE
  2. DEMONSTRATES SPECIFICITY
  3. ENHANCED/INTENSIFIED
96
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

97
Q

TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE

A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE
ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

98
Q

Long latent period: 1 to 2 weeks

A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

99
Q

Lower peak concentration of antibody

A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

100
Q

Shorter decline

A

PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

101
Q

Shorter latent period

A

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

102
Q

Higher peak concentration of antibodies

A

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

103
Q

Longer decline

A

SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

104
Q

Property of recalling the antigen

A

ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

105
Q

Seroconversion

A

ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

106
Q

Antibody increases up to detectable levels

A

ANAMNESTIC IMMUNE RESPONSE

107
Q

IMMUNOCYTES are also called

A

LYMPHOCYTES

108
Q

% LYMPHOCYTES

A

(20 – 40%)

109
Q

components of LYMPHOCYTES

A

 B cells: 5 – 15%
 T cells: 70 – 80%
 Natural Killer Cells

110
Q

LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUE

111
Q

LYMPHOID ORGANS AND TISSUES: Site of development

A

PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE

112
Q

PRIMARY LYMPHOID TISSUE includes

A

 Bone marrow

 Thymus

113
Q

SECONDARY LYMPHOID TISSUES includes

A

 Lymph nodes
 Spleen
 MALT

[5] MODULE 3 BACTE LEC (2 decks)

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