The digestive system and Energy

Question 1

What is an example of a simple system without a functional caecum?
What is this best for?
Where does fermentation happen?

Answer 1

Human
best for low fiber, high nutrient dense diet.
LI

Question 2

What is an example of a simple system with a functional caecum?
What is this called?
What kind of fermenters are they?

Answer 2

Horse
pseudo ruminant
hindgut fermenters

Question 3

What is an example of a multiple system?
What is this called?
What kind of esophagus?
What kind of formenters?
What diets is this suited for?

Answer 3

Cow
Ruminant
Bidirectional
Foregut fermenters
High fiber diets.

Question 4

What are the four stomachs in a ruminant and give a characterisitic?

Answer 4

Reticulum - honeycomb
Rumen - largest
Omasum - water resorption
Abomasum - true stomach

Question 5

There are 3 methods for measuring digestibility. What is the first one? What is the source of error?

Answer 5

Apparent digestibility coeff = (ttl intake - ttl feces/ttl intake) X 100
Underestimation

Question 6

There are 3 methods for measuring digestibility. What is the second one?

Answer 6

Indicator method: Apparent digestibility coefficient (can be protein, fat…etc) = (intake/fecal marker - excretion/fecal marker)/(intake/fecal marker)

Question 7

There are 3 methods for measuring digestibility. What is the last one?

Answer 7

True digestibility: Apparant digestability coeff = (intake/fecal marker - (excretion/fecal marker - ^excretion/fecal marker))/(*intake/fecal marker)
*test diet 1
^diet 2 zero nutrient diet

Question 8

How much does 1 chemistry calorie equal?

Answer 8

1kcal = 4.18kJ

Question 9

What happens when you increase the Carbons in a FA?
What happens when you increase the amount of double bonds (unstaturation)?

Answer 9

Increase energy
Decrease energy

Question 9

What molecule holds the must energy?

Answer 9

Fat

Question 9

What are the physiological fuel values?

Answer 9

CHO = 4
Fat = 9
Protein = 4
Multiply g of molecule with these numebrs to find kcal.

Question 10

How is the total energy expended?

Answer 10

1. BMR
2. Thermic effect of food
3. PA of E expenditure
4. Thermoregulation

Question 11

How is BMR measures?

Answer 11

In a post absorptive state.

Question 12

What are the 3 ways to measure BMR, rank them, and give a characteristic.

Answer 12

Kleiber’s (metabolic weight) < Harris Benedict (sex, weight, age, PA = muscle mass) < Katon Mcardle (fat free mass and the most refined BMR)

Question 13

How do you measure total expenditure?
How do you find BMR?

Answer 13

RQ = CO2/O2 = find number on QR table, go to O2 and then multiple by O2 number given in the question.
BMR = RQ x 24hrs (or however many hours it’s asking for)