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Anatomy and Physiology > The Digestive System and Body Metabolism > Flashcards

The Digestive System and Body Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

the breakdown of ingested food and the absorption of nutrients into the blood

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2
Q

what are the two main groups of the digestive system?

A

the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

what is the alimentary canal?

A

a continuous coiled hollow tube composed of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and the anus

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4
Q

what protects the anterior opening of the oral cavity?

A

the lips (labia)

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5
Q

what forms the lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

the cheeks

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6
Q

what forms the anterior roof?

A

the hard palate

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7
Q

what forms the posterior roof?

A

the soft palate

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8
Q

what is the fleshy projection of the soft palate?

A

the uvula

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9
Q

what is the space between the lips externally and the teeth and gums internally?

A

the vestibule

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10
Q

what is the figure attached at the hyoid and styloid processes of the skull and the lingual frenulum?

A

the tongue

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11
Q

what are the lymph nodes in the back of the mouth and top of the throat?

A

the tonsils

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12
Q

tonsil functions

A

help filter out bacteria and other germs to prevent infections

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13
Q

palatine (faucial) tonsils

A

located in the lateral oropharynx, what we think of when we hear ‘tonsils’

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14
Q

lingual tonsil

A

located/attached to the posterior part of the surface, near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx

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15
Q

lingual tonsil

A

located/attached to the posterior part of the surface, near the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx

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16
Q

what is mastication?

A

the process of chewing food

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17
Q

what is bolus?

A

the mixture of chewed food and saliva

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18
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

aka the throat; the hollow tube inside the neck that starts behind the nose and ends at the top of the trachea (windpipe) and esophagus; part of both the respiratory and digestive systems

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19
Q

nasopharynx

A

(naso: referring to the nose, pharynx: airway) not a part of the digestive system; upper part of the throat behind the nose, which connects the nasal passages to the rest of your respiratory system

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20
Q

oropharynx

A

(oro: referring to oral cavity; pharynx: airway) posterior to the oral cavity; connects the mouth to the esophagus and trachea to allow food, fluid, and air to pass through

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21
Q

laryngopharynx

A

(laryn: voice box; pharynx: airway) aka the hypopharynx (hypo-: lower); regulates passage of air to the lungs and food to the esophagus

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22
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

serves as a passageway for air and food

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23
Q

how is food propelled to the esophagus?

A

by the workings of two muscle layers: longitudinal inner layer and the circular outer layer; food movement is by peristalsis

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24
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

food movement by alternating contractions of the two muscle layers

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25
Q

what is the esophagus?

A

food passageway; runs from the pharynx to the stomach through the diaphragm; conducts food by peristalsis

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26
Q

what is the stomach?

A

digesting site in the gastrointestinal tract, located on the left side of the abdominal cavity, and where food enters at the cardioesphageal sphincter

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27
Q

what is the cardiac region of the stomach?r

A

stomach region near the heart

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28
Q

what is the fundus of the stomach?

A

the rounded section next to the cardia, below the diaphragm; collects digestive gases

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29
Q

what is the body of the stomach?

A

largest section of the stomach; holds food and gastric acid until it is ready to send it to your small intestine

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30
Q

what is the pylorus?

A

part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum (first part of the small intestine); a valve that opens and closes during digestion called the pyloric sphincter

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31
Q

what is rugae?

A

folds in the stomach lining that increase the surface area of the stomach and stretch out to increase stomach volume when stomach is full

32
Q

what is the lesser omentum?

A

double layer of peritoneum that extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach (hepatogastric ligament) and the first part of the duodenum (hepatoduodenal ligament)

33
Q

what is the greater omentum?

A

double layer of peritoneum that extends from the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon; spans the width of the abdomen laterally and reaches the pelvis inferiorly

34
Q

what is the peritoneum?

A

serves to support the organs of the abdomen and acts as a conduit for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics; contains fat to insulate, cushion, and protect abdominal organs

35
Q

what does the stomach do?

A
  • acts as a storage tank for food
  • absorbs some water and other small molecules
  • is the site of food breakdown and chemical breakdown of protein
  • and delivers chyme to the small intestine
36
Q

what are gastric pits?

A

formed by folded mucosa, are indentations in the stomach which denote entrances to the tubular shaped gastric glands; composing part of the stomach mucosa structure

37
Q

what is the gastric gland region?

A

glands located in the lining of the stomach that play an essential part of digestion

38
Q

what type of structure make up the mucosa of the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

39
Q

what are mucous neck cells?

A

mucous-producing cells that cover the inside of the stomach, protecting it from the corrosive nature of gastric acid

40
Q

what are chief cells?

A

cells in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and chymosin (protein-and chyme-digesting enzymes)

41
Q

what are parietal cells?

A

cells responsible for gastric acid secretion, which aids in the digestion of food, absorption of minerals, and control of harmful bacteria

42
Q

what are endocrine cells?

A

specialized cells found within the GI tract, stomach, and pancreas; regulate the GI motility(contraction of muscles to propel food), secretion, visceral sensitivity, absorption, local immune defenses, cell proliferation, and appetite.

43
Q

what is the small intestine?

A

is the body’s major digestive organ and site of nutrient absorption into blood; a muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter (stomach) to the ileocecal valve and is suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery

44
Q

what is the duodenum?

A

region of the small intestine attached to the stomach; curves around the head of the pancreas

45
Q

what is the jejunum?

A

“main” region of the small intestine, attaches anteriorly to the duodenum

46
Q

what is the ileum?

A

most inferior region of the small intestine, extends from the jejunum to the large intestine

47
Q

what do the intestinal cells secrete?

A

mucus: to protect the lining of the small intestine
digestive enzymes: split molecules of sugars, proteins, and fats, into simpler forms (monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids)

48
Q

what does the pancreas produce?

A

pancreatic juice that contains enzymes that can split carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids, and proteins

49
Q

what does the liver produce?

A

bile: substance stored in the gallbladder that is released to emulsify fats and aid in absorption of fatty acids, cholesterol, and certain vitamins

50
Q

what are the villi in the small intestine?

A

fingerlike structures formed by the mucosa, which give the small intestine more surface area

51
Q

what are microvilli?

A

small projections of the plasma membrane mainly found on absorptive cells

52
Q

what are absorptive cells?

A

cells responsible for absorbing nutrients into villi

53
Q

what are blood capillaries in villi?

A

figures responsible for absorbing monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and glycerol

54
Q

what are lacteals?

A

also known as specialized lymphatic capillaries, where fat molecules enter

55
Q

what are the folds of the small intestine called?

A

circular folds also known as plicae circulares, which are deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
- they don’t disappear when filled with food and has Peyer’s patches, which are collections of lymphatic tissue (aggregates of lymph nodes)
- increase in number toward the end of the small intestine, which reflects the fact that the remaining (undigested) food residue contains huge numbers of bacteria which must be prevented from entering blood stream

56
Q

what is the large intestine?

A

organ similar to the small intestine and is larger in diameter but shorter than the small intestine in length; frames the internal abdomen as it wraps around

57
Q

what are the functions of the large intestine?

A

absorbs water and eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces; does not participate in food digestion

58
Q

what kind of cells produce mucus and why?

A

goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant

59
Q

what is the cecum in the large intestine?

A

the saclike first part of the large intestine

60
Q

what is the appendix?

A

an accumulation of lymphatic tissue that may become inflamed (appendicitis) and hangs from the cecum

61
Q

what is the colon of the large intestine?

A

is the longest part of the large intestine, removing water and some nutrients and electrolytes from partially digested food

62
Q

what are the four parts of the colon?

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and the s-shaped sigmoidal

63
Q

what is the rectum of the large intestine?

A

figure at the end of the large intestine that stores fecal matter

64
Q

what is the anus?

A

the external body opening used to eliminate fecal matter

65
Q

what are teniae coli in the large intestine?

A

three ~8mm wide longitudinal smooth muscle bands in the colon wall which facilitate the contraction of the circular muscle

66
Q

what are haustra sacs?

A

a linear series of sacs, bags, or pockets that make up the shape of the

67
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A

the salivary glands, the teeth, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

68
Q

what are the three salivary glands?

A

parotid glands - anterior to the ears
sublingual glands - inferior to the tongue and anterior
submandibular glands - inferior and posterior to the sublingual glands

69
Q

what do the submandibular and sublingual glands do?

A

empty saliva into the floor of the mouth through small ducts

70
Q

what is saliva and what does it do?

A

is a mixture of mucus and serous fluids and helps to form a food bolus; contains salivary amylase to begin starch digestion and dissolves chemicals to allow for taste

71
Q

what do the teeth do?

A

mastication: chewing food

72
Q

how many sets of teeth do humans have, and what are they?

A

two sets: deciduous teeth (qty: 20, ages 2-6), permanent teeth (qty: 32, ages 6-12)

73
Q

what are incissors?

A

teeth made for cutting food material

74
Q

what are canines?

A

aka eyeteeth, made for tearing and piercing

75
Q

what are premolars (bicuspids) and molars?

A

teeth located in the back made for grinding

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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