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Anatomy and Physiology > Human Body: An Orientation > Flashcards

Human Body: An Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

the branch of biological science that studies and describes how body parts work or function

A

physiology

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2
Q

the study of the shape and structure of body parts

A

anatomy

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3
Q

homeostasis

A

the tendency of the body’s systems to maintain a relatively constant or balanced internal environment

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4
Q

metabolism

A

the term that indicates all chemical reactions in the body

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5
Q

anatomy

A

measures an organ’s size, shape, and weight; can be studied in dead specimens, often with static dissections; observations and directional terms

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6
Q

physiology

A

often studied in living subjects, observations of chemical and physics principles (ie. measuring the acid content of the stomach, observing the heart in action), dynamic experimentation

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7
Q

chemical level

A

smallest level of structural organization; atoms combine to form molecules

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8
Q

cellular level

A

second level of structural organization; cells are made up of molecules

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9
Q

tissue level

A

third level of structural organization; tissues consist of similar types of cells

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10
Q

organ level

A

fourth level of structural organization; organs are made up of different types of tissues

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11
Q

organ system level

A

fifth level of structural organization; organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

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12
Q

organismal level

A

largest level of structural organization; human organisms are made up of many organ systems

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13
Q

integumentary system

A
  • forms the external body covering (skin)
  • protects deeper tissue from injury
  • helps regulate body temperature
  • location of cutaneous nerve receptors (senses)
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14
Q

skeletal system

A
  • protects and supports body organs
  • provides muscle attachment for movement
  • site of blood cell formation
  • stores minerals
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15
Q

muscular system

A
  • produces movement
  • maintains posture
  • produces heat
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16
Q

nervous system

A
  • fast-acting control system
  • responds to internal and external change
  • activates muscles and glands
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17
Q

endocrine system

A
  • secretes regulatory hormones for growth, reproduction and metabolism
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18
Q

cardiovascular system

A
  • transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart to circulate oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes
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19
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • returns fluids to blood vessels
  • cleanses the blood
  • involved in immunity
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20
Q

respiratory system

A
  • keeps blood supplied with oxygen
  • removes carbon dioxide
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21
Q

digestive system

A
  • breaks down food
  • allows for nutrient absorption into blood
  • eliminates indigestible material as feces
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22
Q

urinary (excretory)

A
  • eliminates nitrogenous wastes
  • maintains acid-based balance
  • regulates water and electrolytes
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23
Q

reproductive system

A
  • produces offspring
  • testes produce sperm and male hormone
  • ovaries produce ovum and female hormones
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24
Q

dorsal body cavity

A
  • cranial cavity houses the brain
  • spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
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25
Q

ventral body cavity

A
  • thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others
  • abdomino-pelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
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26
Q

digestion

A

the process of breaking down food by mechanical and enzymatic action in the alimentary canal into substances that can be used by the body

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27
Q

excretion

A

the process of eliminating or expelling waste matter

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28
Q

growth

A

occurs when constructive activities occur at a faster rate than destructive activities

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29
Q

maintenance of boundaries

A

keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the external environment; at the cellular, membranes; for the whole organism, the skin

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30
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions occurring in the body in order to maintain life

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31
Q

movement

A

walking, throwing a ball, riding a bicycle;

32
Q

responsiveness

A

ability to react to stimuli, a major role of the nervous system

33
Q

reproduction

A

provides new cells for growth and repair

34
Q

when too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional

A

appropriate body temperature

35
Q

required for the release of energy from foodstuffs

A

atmospheric pressure

36
Q

includes carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals

A

nutrients

37
Q

essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing

A

oxygen

38
Q

provides the basis for body fluids

A

water

39
Q

this senses changes in the environment and responds by sending information to the control center along the afferent pathway

A

receptor

40
Q

the body structure that determines the normal range of the variable, or set point; analyses the input, determines the appropriate response, and activates the effector by sending information via the efferent pathway

A

control center

41
Q

neural pathway that conducts impulses from a sense organ toward the brain or spinal cord or from one brain region to another (toward the brain; sends information)

A

afferent pathway

42
Q

a cell that performs a specific function in response to a stimulus

A

effector

43
Q

neural pathway that carries impulses away from a particular region of the central nervous system toward an effector (away from the brain; creates movement)

A

efferent pathway

44
Q

intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than reversing it; example: childbirth

A

positive feedback mechanism

45
Q

reverses a deviation from the set point, and in turn, maintains body parameters within their normal range; example: shivering in response to feeling cold in order to produce heat

A

negative feedback mechanism

46
Q

region where which digestive activities occur

A

abdomen

47
Q

triangular region on the anterior side of the elbow between the forearm and the anatomical arm

A

antecubital

48
Q

pyramid-shaped area located between the shoulder girdle and thorax

A

axillary

49
Q

region encompassing the upper arm

A

brachial

50
Q

paired fat-containing spaces on each side of the face forming cheeks

A

buccal

51
Q

the upper most region of your neck on spinal cord

A

cervical

52
Q

region of the lower limb located between the hip and knee joints

A

femoral

53
Q

region located posterior to the pelvic girdle and extends distally into the upper leg

A

gluteal

54
Q

region located on the lower portion of the anterior abdominal wall (hip/pelvis)

A

inguinal

55
Q

region consisting of the lower back

A

lumbar

56
Q

region at the base of the skull at the back of the head

A

occipital

57
Q

diamond-shaped space behind the knee joint

A

popliteal

58
Q

most forward-facing (ventral and anterior) region of the three main regions making up coxal bone in the pelvic cavity

A

pubic

59
Q

flat, triangular-shaped bone located in the upper thoracic region on the dorsal surface of the rib cage

A

scapular

60
Q

muscular swelling of the back of the leg below the knee, better known as the calf of the leg

A

sural

61
Q

most central of the nine abdominal region

A

umbilical

62
Q

anterior

A

refers to the front side of the body; “in front of”, “the front surface of”; example: the sternum is anterior to the heart

63
Q

posterior

A

refers to the back side of the body; “behind of”; example: the lungs are posterior to the ribcage

64
Q

superior

A

toward the head, on top of; example: the ears are superior to the shoulders

65
Q

inferior/caudal

A

away from the head, below; example: the cervical region is inferior to the umbilical region

66
Q

lateral

A

away from the body’s midline; example: the arms are lateral to the chest

67
Q

medial

A

toward the body’s midline; example: the nose is medial to the ears

68
Q

distal

A

sites located away from the point of attachment/point of origin; example: the wrist is distal than the elbow from the shoulder

68
Q

proximal

A

sites located close to the point of attachment/point of origin; example: the knees are proximal than the ankles to the hips

69
Q

transverse

A

anatomical plane that cuts the body into superior and inferior sections (top and bottom)

70
Q

coronal/frontal

A

anatomical plane that cuts the body into anterior and posterior sections (front and back)

71
Q

sagittal

A

anatomical plane that cuts the body into left and right sections

72
Q

midsagittal

A

equal left and right sections

73
Q

parasagittal

A

unequal left and right sections

74
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (2 decks)

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