The digestive system

Question 1

Mechanical breakdown

Answer 1

Small intestine: segmentation - mixes juice with digestive juices and aids in nutrient absorption

Question 2

Nutrient absorption

Answer 2

Absorption occurs through absorptive epithelia cells of small intestine
Stomach: lipid soluble substance
Large intestine: water, electrolytes, some vitamins

Question 3

Stomach

Answer 3

temporary stores food
Mix chum and propel food
Chief cells: produce pepsinogen - inactive, pepsin
Goblet cells: protect mucosa

Question 4

Appendix

Answer 4

lymphoid tissue

Question 5

The liver (accessory organ)

Answer 5

Bile duct: collects bile from hepatocytes (between them are leaky capillaries)
Bile produced by hepatocytes - collect and drain bile into the duct of the portal triad

Question 6

Liver bile:

Answer 6

bile, salts and phospholipids
Break down fats
Facialite absorption
Released when chyme enter the duodenum

Question 7

Liver process

Answer 7

Digestive function
Detoxification
Metabolic function
Correcting nutrient deficiencies

Question 8

Pancreas

Answer 8

Secrete hormones to regulate blood glucose levels
Alpha a - secrete glucagon
Beta b - cells secrete insulin
Contains cells that produce pancreatic juices

Question 9

Chemical digestion Food

Answer 9

Food —enzyme→ building block (monomer)

Question 10

Chemical digestion
Carbohydrate

Answer 10

Carbohydrate –amylase and brush border enzyme→ glucose

Question 11

Chemical digestion Fats/triglycerides

Answer 11

Fats/triglycerides –bile and lipase→ glycerol and fatty acids

Question 12

Chemical digestion Nucleic acid

Answer 12

Nucleic acids –nuclease and brush border enzymes→ base, phosphate ion and sugar

Question 13

Anabolic / absorptive state

Answer 13

Controlled by insulin
Fed state
Occurs up to 4 hours after eating
Body cells produce ATP
Glucose
Glucose
Fatty acids and glycerol
Amino acids

Question 14

Catabolic / post absorptive state

Answer 14

Controlled by glucagon
Fasted state
Blood glucose needs to be maintained
Glycogen
Triglycerides
Proteins

Question 15

Glucose

Answer 15

Glucose → glycogen by glycogenesis
Glucose → triglycerides by lipogenesis

Question 16

Fatty acids and glycerol

Answer 16

fatty acids and glycerol → triglycerides by lipogenesis

Question 17

Amino acids

Answer 17

Amino acids → triglycerides by lipogenesis

Question 18

Glycogen

Answer 18

Glycogen → glucose by glycogenolysis

Question 19

Triglycerides

Answer 19

Triglycerides → fatty acids and glycerol

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

Proteins → amino acids produce glucose during starvation → glucose by gluconeogenesis