Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1808 - Human Anatomy and Physiology > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

The Digestive System is comprised of 2 categories of organs. What are they called?

A
  1. The GIT
  2. Accessory digestive organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What organs comprise the GIT?

A
  1. Oral Cavity
  2. Pharynx
  3. Oesophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestines
  6. Large Intestines
  7. Anal Canal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What organs comprise the Accessory Digestive Organs?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 6 primary functions of the Digestive System?

A
  1. Ingestion: introduction of food into oral cavity
  2. Motility: muscular contractions for mixing and moving material through GIT
  3. Secretion: manufacturing and releasing substances that facilitate digestion
  4. Digestion: breakdown of ingested food into smaller structures for absorption
  5. Absorption: membrane transport of digested molecules
  6. Elimination: the expulsion of indigestible material
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 layers that comprise the walls of the GIT from innermost to outermost?

A
  1. Mucosa: lines the lumen
  2. Submucosa: loose connective tissue with glands - controls secretion
  3. Muscularis: smooth muscle - controls motility
  4. Serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the Peritoneum? And what are the 2 layers called?

A

Serous epithelial membrane that covers the wall of the abdominal cavity
1. Parietal Peritoneum: covers abdominal wall
2. Visceral Peritoneum: covers outer surface of abdominal organs

Note: anything pertaining to ‘Pylorus’, involves the stomach!
Go into depth about the Digestive System!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 3 main Macronutrients and their functions?

A
  1. Carbohydrates: glucose is broken down to release energy
  2. Lipids: form of energy storage
  3. Proteins: provides energy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain Protein Metabolism.

A

Involves breakdown of ingested protein in the small intestine to amino acids.
Amino acids can be used for:
1. Protein synthesis
2. Energy production (ATP)
3. Converted to fat for storage
4. Converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 5 cells play a role in producing the 3 litres of gastric secretions/day?

A
  1. Surface mucous cells
  2. Mucous neck cells
  3. Parietal cells
  4. Chief cells
  5. G cells: secrete the gastrin hormone into the blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 4 components of gastric juice?

A
  1. Mucin
  2. Intrinsic factor
  3. Hydrochloric acid
  4. Pepsin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 phases of Gastric Secretion/Motility?

A
  1. Cephalic Phase
  2. Gastric Phase
  3. Intestinal Phase
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain the Cephalic Phase of Gastric Secretion/Motility.

A
  1. Initiated by the sight, smell, taste and thought of food
  2. Leads to parasympathetic activation and stimulation of gastric secretions and motility.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain the Gastric Phase of Gastric Secretion/Motility.

A
  1. Activated via stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the stomach after the introduction of food
  2. Results in increased peristalsis and increased release of gastrin which further increases force of contraction and release of secretions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain the Intestinal Phase of Gastric Secretion/Motility.

A
  1. Activated by the presence of acidic chyme in the duodenum
  2. Enterogastric reflex and hormones enterogastrones decrease stomach secretions, motility and emptying
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 2 glands does the Pancreas have?

A
  1. Exocrine
  2. Endocrine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What organ stores bile?

A

The Gallbladder

17
Q

What are 5 of the many functions the Liver has?

A
  1. Carb, Lipid and Protein metabolism
  2. Processing of drugs, hormones and bilirubin
  3. Synthesis of bile acids
  4. Storage
  5. Phagocytosis
18
Q

What are the 2 chemical reactions that happen during metabolism?

A
  1. Catabolic: the breakdown of molecules/nutrients into smaller chemicals; energy can be released from molecules/nutrients
  2. Anabolic: the use of simple molecules/nutrients and energy to form complex molecules
19
Q

Micronutrients are metabolised 2 different ways. What are they?

A
  1. Via water (water-soluble)
  2. Via fat (fat-soluble)
20
Q

Which micronutrients are water-soluble?

A
  1. Vitamin B 1-3
  2. Vitamin B 5-7
  3. Vitamin 9
  4. Vitamin 12
  5. Vitamin C
21
Q

What micronutrients are fat-soluble?

A
  1. Vitamin A
  2. Vitamin D
  3. Vitamin E
  4. Vitamin K
22
Q

What are the 7 Major Minerals?

A
  1. Calcium
  2. Chloride
  3. Magnesium
  4. Phosphorus
  5. Potassium
  6. Sodium
  7. Sulfur
23
Q

What are the 2 ways in which glucose is metabolised?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Glucogenesis
24
Q

Explain Carbohydrate Metabolism.

A

Polysaccharides (long chains of sugars) are broken down into simple sugars and absorbed into the blood
The simple sugars (monosaccharides) journey through the blood to the liver and enter the hepatocytes where fructose and galactose are converted to glucose

25
Q

Explain Lipid Metabolism.

A

The breakdown or storage of triglycerides
Triglycerides are transported first through the lymphatic capillaries of the small intestine and then released into the bloodstream where they travel to the hepatocytes
The ingested triglycerides and the manufactured triglycerides are broken down to fatty acid chains and glycerol molecules and can either be:
1. Converted to very-low-density lipoprotein
2. Sent to cells for energy use
3. Stored in adipose tissue until required for energy at a later time

26
Q

Explain Protein Metabolism.

A

The breakdown of ingested protein in the small intestine to amino acids
Amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the hepatocytes where they undergo deamination (removal of their amino group)
Amino group is converted to ammonia and eventually excreted in the urine as urea
The remaining components of the amino acids can then be either:
1. Used for new protein synthesis
2. Used for energy production (ATP)
3. Converted to fat for storage
4. Converted to glucose for gluconeogenesis

27
Q

Explain the Absorptive State of regulating nutrient blood levels.

A

Takes places for approximately four hours after a meal
As the nutrients are being absorbed into the bloodstream it results in an overall increase in concentrations of glucose, triglycerides and amino acids
Insulin is released from the beta cells of the pancreas

28
Q

Explain the Postabsorptive State of regulating nutrient blood levels.

A

Takes place between meals after the absorption of nutrients ceases
Major controlling hormone is glucagon

1808 - Human Anatomy and Physiology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions