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The diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pancreas

A

an endocrine gland that releases insulin

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2
Q

what is diabetes mellitus

A

a disease where the body is unable to regulate blood sugar levels

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3
Q

what are the 3 types of diabetes

A

gestastional, type 1, type 2

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4
Q

what is gestational diabetes

A

a temporary form of diabetes that results in high blood sugar levels during pregnancy

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5
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

a type that starts in children and is an autoimmune disease where the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed

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6
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

arises from the body’s inability to efficiently use insulin; lifestyle disease

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7
Q

what is the most common form of diabetes

A

type 2

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8
Q

what is insulin?

A

a peptide hormone that is released from the beta cells of the pancreas when an individual’s blood sugar level increases above normal physiological range

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9
Q

what is the main function of insulin

A

to lower the sugar level of the blood

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10
Q

what happens to blood sugar level in the plasma after a meal and what does it cause

A

it increases and causes the release of insulin

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11
Q

what does insulin do?

A

increases the permeability of cells to uptake more sugar from the blood

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12
Q

what happens without insulin [2 main complications]

A
  1. if glucose levels remain abnormally high, it leads to systemic complications
  2. body cells will be deprived of glucose because it will stay in the blood and the cells will be unable to generate energy molecules, comprising thousands of vital chemical reactions
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13
Q

diabetes symptoms

A

headaches, blurred vision, difficulty in concentration, weight mismanagement, and increased thirst

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14
Q

what percent of females develop gestational diabetes

A

6%

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15
Q

what ethnic groups are more affected by gestational diabetes?

A

native americans, african americans, and asians

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16
Q

what is gestational diabetes associated with? (lifestyle related things)

A

consumption of processed food and/oror food with a high glycemic load and/or low fiber foods
over age 35
obese and/or physically inactive

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17
Q

effects on fetus of gestational diabetes

A

higher birth weight (possible cesarean) and a high risk for developing diabetes later in life

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18
Q

how to diagnose gestational diabetes

A

sugar levels abnormally high during 2 regular check-ups

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19
Q

causes of type 1 diabetes

A

not clearly defined but possibly genetic or viral

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20
Q

how to protect against type 1 diabetes

A

breastfeeding for more than 4 months and ensuring high consumption of vitamin D

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21
Q

what do type 1 diabetics have to do

A

watch their sugar intake and eat healthy meals at specific times and in regulated amounts to match the body’s natural insulin release

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22
Q

how can type 1 diabetics live a normal life?

A

following strict dietary guidelines and being physically active and take insulin injections to compensate for the decrease of pancreatic insulin output

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23
Q

how do diabetics monitor their sugar level?

A

prick finger and use blood droplet in a glucometer to measure the glucose content

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24
Q

how much insulin does an average type 1 diabetic need?

A

depends based on diet and physical activity (more active = less insulin) and is determined based on trial and error with a doc/nurse

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25
What is type 2 diabetes?
A lifestyle disease associated with obesity and physical inactivity?
25
What is type 2 diabetes?
A lifestyle disease associated with obesity and physical inactivity?
26
In what way is diabetes type 2 genetic?
A person can inherit multiple genes that may interact with one another depending on the environmny the individuals provide and lead to development of diabetes
27
When is an individual prediabetic?
When their fasting blood glucose level is slightly elevated compared to normal, but not quite diabetic (101-125 mg/dl)
28
What is insulin resistance?
The cells do not respond properly to insulin and the cells permeability does not increase so there is excess glucose in the blood
29
What is happening physiologically in diabetes type 2
The pancreas functions normally and insulin release is adequate, but the person has insulin resistance so the cells do not respond properly to insulin
31
what type of hormone is insulin and what does it do?
an anabolic peptide hormone that promotes the storage of nutrients and energy molecules in cells
32
why can't high glucose levels remain in the blood after consumption
1. to minimize the interaction of glucose with red blood cells 2. the ensure the delivery of glucose to cells for usage when needed
33
what does insulin bind to in the blood?
specific protein receptors found on the membranes of liver cells, muscle cells, and adipose tissues
34
what form are the insulin receptors found on the plasma membrane?
the inactive form
35
what happens when insulin binds to a receptor?
the receptor changes conformation and triggers a series of events inside the cell
36
what happens when the insulin-bound receptors are in the active form?
the receptor is internalized to the cell cytoplasm and inside it causes more glucose transporters to be inserted in the membrane
37
what are glucose transporters
gateways for glucose to enter the cell
38
in healthy subjects, how quickly does the blood plasma glucose level drop
within 30 min
39
what is the normal (healthy) fasting blood glucose level?
70-100 mg/dl
40
what is the prediabetic fasting blood glucose level?
101-125 mg/dl
41
what is the diabetic fasting blood glucose level?
126+ mg/dl
42
how do most patients find out they are prediabetic
not from clinical symptoms, but by a coincidental routine blood work
43
what do you see in patients with prolonged insulin resistance?
the levels of glucose and insulin are elevated
44
how to reverse insulin resistance?
engage in exercise and healthy habits
45
what happens as insulin resistance worsens?
the receptors slowly become less sensitive and insulin output from the pancreas rises to parallel the elevated glucose levels and it progresses to full on diabetes
46
what does OGTT stand for?
oral glucose tolerance test
47
how is an OGTT performed?
fast for around 9 hrs and then take a small amount of sugar which will be digested and absorbed and then graph the spike in blood sugar plasma levels and the subsequent decrease as insulin is released
48
how long does a normal OGTT take to return to normal
2 hours
49
what does a diabetic's OGTT look like?
it starts out higher and stays higher for longer
50
how can diabetes lead to an increase in fat mobilization?
the cells are unable to use glucose because of the insulin receptors inability to interact well with insulin and patients wind up with abnormally high amounts of fatty acids and triglycerides in circulation which promoted further insulin resistance
51
what is fatty liver disease
associated with excess accumulation of fat in the liver (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease)
52
what effect does a high fructose diet have on the liver
increases fat accumulation in the liver
53
what effect does diabetes have on fatty liver disease
can happen in non diabetic, but more prevalent in diabetics
54
what is hypoglycemia
low levels of glucose in the blood
55
why is hypoglycemia a possible diabetes complication?
when prescribing medication there is no standard amount, so to make sure the person has low sugar levels, they start with a high dose of insulin which can decrease the sugar levels too much
56
symptoms of hypoglycemia
sweating, nervousness, mood changes, and shakiness and in extreme cases confusion followed by a coma
57
what is ketoacidosis?
higher than normal blood acidity caused by excess ketone bodies
58
how do ketone bodies get formed?
the fat mobilization from insulin resistance increases the level of triglycerides and fatty acids in the blood and subsequently the fatty acids get converted to ketone bodies in the liver
59
what are ketone bodies used for in healthy people
taken to the brain to generate ATP
60
what is ATP
the energy currency in cells
61
what effect do ketone bodies have on blood pH
decrease it significantly
62
what effect does acidity have on proteins
can affect their shape and functionality
63
what bad effects can ketoacidosis cause over the long term
massive water loss and permanent damage in the end
64
what is nephropathy?
leads to kidneys being nonfunctional
65
what happens during diabetic nephropathy?
patients lose proteins (albumin) and glucose in the urine due to inefficient filtration
66
symptoms of diabetic nephropathy
minimal except for constant fatigue in the beginning, but eventually advances to things like edema in various parts of the body
67
how to minimize symptoms of nephropathy?
control blood glucose levels and drugs to slow the kidney damage
68
what is diabetic neuropathy?
when the nerves start to die off
69
what happens during neuropathy?
the rising levels of glucose in the plasma can lead to major damage to blood vessels and proteins in circulation that supply the nerves thus depriving the nerve of nutrients and ultimately leading to nerve death
70
what is a common location for nerve damage in diabetics?
peripheral nerve damage such as the feet or ulcerations in legs (sometimes to the point where they need to be amputated)
71
what is diabetic retinopathy?
damage to the retina that can ultimately lead to blindness
72
who most commonly has diabetic retinopathy
patients who have been diabetic for 10+ years with poor sugar management
73
how does retinopathy occur?
starts with weakened small blood vessels (microvascular) that supplies the retina and the instability allows blood to leak into the retina damaging the photoreceptors and resulting in blurred vision
74
what cardiovascular diseases are diabetics more susceptible to?
athlerosclerosis and hypertension
75
how do cardiovascular diseases arise from diabetes?
the elevated levels of fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesterol can damage the inner lining of the blood vessels and the lipid molecules can get stuck in the subendothelial space while being shuttled and oxidize, triggering inflamation and clot formation
76
how does hypertension arise from diabetes?
damage to the endothelial cell lining n the blood vessels -- the blood vessel loses the ability to release nitric oxide and therefore cannot vasodilate or vasoconstrict in response to changes in tissue demands
77
what is hemoglobin?
a major protein found in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and delivers it to body cells
78
what happens to diabetic's hemoglobin?
their elevated glucose levels cause glucose to start to bind to hemoglobin, rendering it nonfunctional
79
what is hemoglobin bound to glucose called?
glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
80
what are the 3 major complications of the inability to regulate blood glucose that diabetes causes
target cells are deprived of energy increased triglycerides and fatty acids in blood (has more complications) glucose binds with hemoglobin, inactivating it, so it is incapable of delivering oxygen to cells throughout the body
81
what are the 3 types of diabetes
gestational type 1 type 2
82
what is gestational diabetes
diabetes during pregnancy
83
what increases risk of gestational diabetes and
unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle
84
what are the problems assocated with gestational diabetes
complications during delivery and the children are at an an increased risk of diabetes
85
what is type 1 diabetes
diabetes resulting from pancreatic beta cell destruction by immune cells; generally occurs in young children
86
how does type 1 start?
some genetic risk factors, but breastfeeding for at least 4 months and high vitamin D consumption reduces the risk
87
how to treat type 1 diabetes
take insulin regularly
88
how do you get type 2 diabetes?
poor diet and sedentary lifestyle; starts as insulin resistance
89
what is type 2 diabetes
insulin is unable to clear blood glucose because the insulin bound to a receptor is unable to increase GLUTs
90
how to reduce risk for type 2 diabetes?
healthy diet and regular exercise bc it increases insulin sensitivity
91
5 types of complications from diabetes
macrovascular, microvascular, fatty liver, hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis
92
what are the macrovascular complications from diabetes?
athlerosclerosis and other CVDs from elevated fatty acid in blood circulation
93
what are the microvascular complications from diabeets?
retinopathy, nueropathy, and nephropathy
94
why is fatty liver a complication of diabetes?
because fat accumulates from high fatty acid concentration in blood
95
how is hypoglycemia a possible complication from diabetes
someone can overdose on insulin, decreasing blood glucose rapidly, leading to confusion, coma, and even death
96
how is ketoacidosis a complication of diabetes?
the breakdown of fatty acids in liver leads to ketone body accumulation, which can make blood acidic

physci 5 (8 decks)

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