the circulatory system

Question 1

what does the circulatory system consist of [3 items]

Answer 1

the heart, the blood, and the blood vessels

Question 2

what does the circulatory system do?

Answer 2

serves cells metabolic needs through transport of nutrients, respiratory gases, and metabolic wastes throughout body and adjusts to changing metabolic rates

Question 3

how many chambers does the heart have and what are they called?

Answer 3

4 - left/right atrium and left/right ventricle

Question 4

what are the two circuits in the human heart circulatory system?

Answer 4

the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit

Question 5

what is the pulmonary circuit?

Answer 5

blood being pumped from the heart to the lung and back to the heart

Question 6

what is the systemic circuit?

Answer 6

blood being pumped from the heart to the tissues and back to the heart

Question 7

how does the blood flow through the heart on the right side

Answer 7

deoxygenated blood goes from the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium => right ventricle => pulmonary artery => lungs to get oxygenated

Question 8

how does blood flow through the left side of the heart

Answer 8

oxygenated blood returns from lungs via pulmonary vein => left ventricle => aorta => to the rest of the body

Question 9

what prevents the backflow of blood?

Answer 9

valves

Question 10

what is the name of the valve between the atria and the ventricles

Answer 10

the AV valve

Question 11

what is the normal range for heart rates

Answer 11

70-100 bpm

Question 12

how to calculate cardiac output?

Answer 12

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 13

how does the heart get blood?

Answer 13

the coronary arteries; the left coronary artery branches to the left anterior descending artery and the right coronary artery branches to the right anterior descending artery

Question 14

what is blood pressure

Answer 14

the force of blood exerted on the walls of vessels

Question 15

what is the systolic value for bp

Answer 15

(high value) pressure needed to compress an artery so blood doesn’t flow at all

Question 16

what is the diastolic value for bp

Answer 16

pressure needed to allow intermittent flow through the artery

Question 17

what is a normal blood pressure

Answer 17

120/80 mmHg

Question 18

what is hypertension?

Answer 18

high blood pressure; bp above 140/90 mmHg

Question 19

risk factors for hypertension [5]

Answer 19

high sodium/salt consumption; chronic stress; obesity; smoking; alcohol

Question 20

how many layers in an artery and the name of each layer

Answer 20

3; tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Question 21

what is the tunica externa

Answer 21

the outer layer of an artery; the connective layer that is protection for the vessel

Question 22

what is the tunica media

Answer 22

the middle layer of an artery made of smooth muscle and controls the diameter of the artery

Question 23

what is the tunica intima

Answer 23

the inner layer next to the lumen; made of endothelial cells and controls vasodilation by nitric oxide production

Question 24

what are the 3 components of blood?

Answer 24

cell, water, proteins

Question 25

what is blood cholesterol?

Answer 25

lipoproteins

Question 26

what are the types of lipoproteins [4]

Answer 26

chylomicrons; VLDL; LDL; HDL

Question 27

what are chylomicrons

Answer 27

dietary TG and cholesterol

Question 28

what is VLDL

Answer 28

endogenus TG and cholesterol (liver)

Question 29

what is LDL

Answer 29

comes from VLDL and delivers cholesterol from liver to tissue

Question 30

what is HDL

Answer 30

inhibits LDL oxidation and is anti-inflamatory

Question 31

what is athlerosclerosis and what can it lead to?

Answer 31

a disease of the arteries that can lead to major blockage and cause strokes and myocardial infractions

Question 32

what are the 4 stages of athlerosclerosis?

Answer 32

initiation of a lesion, foam cell formation, plaque formation, and clinical event

Question 33

what does it mean for the initiation of a lesion

Answer 33

LDL cholesterol and saturated fat is deposited into the subendothelial space and is oxidized, leading to inflamation

Question 34

what happens during foam cell formation

Answer 34

microphages and lymphocytes are recruited to clear the oxidized LDL and they become enlarged and appear foamy and yellow-ish

Question 35

what happens during the plaque formation stage?

Answer 35

smooth muscle forms fibrous cap enclosing lipid core and over time, calcification occurs in the lipid core (plaque)

Question 36

what is the clinical event?

Answer 36

plaque ruptures leading to platelets aggregation and blood clot formation which can cause a major impedance of blood flow

Question 37

how to treat athlerosclerosis?

Answer 37

angioplasty or CABG

Question 38

what is angiplasty?

Answer 38

stent with catheter insertion in blood vessel (stent is inflated with a balloon and coated in medicine to dissolve the plaque)

Question 39

what is a CABG?

Answer 39

coronary artery bypass graft - sewing an artery around the blockage so the blood can flow normally

Question 40

risk factors for CVDS [10]

Answer 40

physical inactivity, high carb, low fiber diet, smoking, inflamation, hypertension, insulin resistence, obesity, chronic stress, dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome