The Develop mental area

Question 1

What does it mean to be on the ‘nature’ side of the ‘nature nurture debate’?

Answer 1

A person who sees genetic, biological factors as the explanation for thinking and behaviour.

Question 2

What does it mean to be on the ‘nurture’ side of the ‘nature nurture debate’?

Answer 2

A person who sees behaviour as learned or acquired through experiences in the environment.

Question 3

What does it mean to be an interactionist?

Answer 3

A person who accepts that both nature and nurture factors are interconnected and human behaviour is a product of both.

Question 4

What is the Social Learning Theory?

Answer 4

A behaviourist theory developed by Bandura which suggests that children learn a behaviour through passive observation of role models and then they imitate this behaviour.

Question 5

Matched Pairs Design?

Answer 5

Participants in each group are matched on certain variables eg. age, gender, level of intelligence. In this case, they were matches on pre-existing levels of aggression.

Question 6

Transmission of Aggression?

Answer 6

Where aggressive behaviour is ‘passed on’ to another individual i.e. the individual observing will imitate that aggression.

Question 7

What is inter-rater reliability?

Answer 7

This is used in observations where observers check and agree the categories and coding systems of the behaviours they are going to observe beforehand.

Question 8

What is the Split Half method?

Answer 8

Internal reliability could be tested by using the split half method. For example half the items in a test can be divided randomly in to two halves, partA of a test. If the test is reliable people’s scores in each half should be similar. There should be a correlation between the two scores.

Question 9

What is Face validity?

Answer 9

This involves the examining the content of the best to see if it looks like it measures what it’s supposed to measure. e.g. looking at an intelligence test ti see if it measures general intelligence or just a specific type of intelligence.

Question 10

What is construct validity?

Answer 10

Refers to whether the test method can be used to support the underlying theoretical constructs concerning the variables it is supposed to be measuring. e.g. Piaget’s test of his theory of cognitive development.

Question 11

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 11

This involves comparing a new method or test with an already established one that claims to measure the same variable. A positive correlation should be gained between the two test results. i.e. comparing new personality test results with an older one or new intelligence test against an older one.

Question 12

What is criterion validity?

Answer 12

This is where a test is done on a known group with certain criteria and characteristics, known as group criterion. e.g. testing a new test on neuroticism on a known group of neurotics.

Question 13

What is population validity?

Answer 13

Refers to the extent to which an effect can be generalised from the sample studied to the population from which they were selected and also to other populations.

Question 14

What is ecological validity?

Answer 14

Refers to whether a test or method measures a behaviour that is representative of naturally occurring behaviours. Is the research true to real life?

Question 15

What is a Test-rested method?

Answer 15

External reliability can be checked by using a test re-test method. The results should correlate positively if they are to be deemed reliable.

Question 16

What is pro-social behaviour?

Answer 16

Behaving in a positive manner towards others.

Question 17

What re inherited factors?

Answer 17

When behaviour is influenced by nature (genetic influences) and not nurture.

Question 18

What is the Nature Nurture Debate?

Answer 18

The debate that discusses whether behaviour is influenced by innate factors (genetic inheritance, biology etc) or the environment an individual is exposed to.

Question 19

What is time sampling?

Answer 19

When there are set time frames/intervals where behaviour is observed e.g. Bandura observed at 5 second intervals for 20 minutes.

Question 20

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 20

A process that attempts to modify behaviour through the use of positive and negative reinforcements (punishment and reward)

Question 21

What is a medical regime?

Answer 21

A regulated and controlled system e.g. a diet or exercise plan.

Question 22

What is adherence?

Answer 22

In terms of adherence to medical regimes, this refers to the extent to which the patient’s actions matched the agreed recommendations.

Question 23

What is compliance?

Answer 23

The degree to which a patient correctly follows medical advice.

Question 24

What is inspiratory resistance?

Answer 24

Inhalation against some type of resisting force.

Question 25

How many participants were there in the study conducted by Bandura?

Answer 25

72: 36 male, 36 female

Question 26

What design did Bandura use?

Answer 26

Matched pairs design

Question 27

What type of experiment was Bandura’s study?

Answer 27

Laboratory

Question 28

What happened in the first stage of Bandura’s study?

Answer 28

Children were split into 3 groups:

• Group 1 had an aggressive model
• Group 2 had a non aggressive model
• Group 3 had no model

Question 29

What was the first stage of bandura’s study called?

Answer 29

Modelling

Question 30

What happened in the second stage of bandura’s study?

Answer 30

The children were allowed to play with nice expensive toys, and then told they could no longer play with the toys as they weren’t special enough

Question 31

What was the second stage of banduras study called?

Answer 31

Aggressive arousal

Question 32

What happened in the third stage of banduras study?

Answer 32

The children played with toys for 20 minutes whilst bandura made observations every 5 seconds

Question 33

What was the third stage called in Bandura’s study?

Answer 33

Delayed imitation