The Deuterostomes

Question 0

What are some examples of deuterostomes?

Answer 0

Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates

Question 1

What are the shared derived characteristics of deuterostomes?

Answer 1

• Radial
• interdeterminate cleavage
• blastospore becomes the anus
• pharyngeal slits sometime in the life cycle
• larva with a loop-shaped ciliated band used for locomotion

Question 2

What are hemichordates?

Answer 2

Also called acorn worms; they are marine deuterostomes with a three- part body, including proboscis, collar, and trunk

Question 3

What are three shared characteristics of echinoderms?

Answer 3

Echinoderms have spiny skin, water vascular system, tube feet, and endoskeleton. The larvae have bilateral symmetry, but the adults have pentaradial symmetry

Question 4

What phylum does echinoderms belong to?

Answer 4

Phylum echinodermata

Question 5

What are the main classes of echinoderms?

Answer 5

Class crinoidea, Class asteroidea, Class ophiuroidea, Class echinoidea, and Class holothuroidea

Question 6

Describe the Class Crinoidea.

Answer 6

They include sea lilies and feather stars. The oral surface of crinoids are turned upward; and some are sessile

Question 7

Describe the Class Asteroidea.

Answer 7

It consists of sea stars. They have a central disc with five or more arms, and use tube feet for locomotion

Question 8

Describe the Class Ophiuroidea.

Answer 8

This class includes the brittle stars, and they use their arms for locomotion

Question 9

Describe the Class Echinoidea.

Answer 9

It includes the sea urchins and sand dollars. They lack arms and have a solid shell covered with spines

Question 10

Describe the Class Holothuroidea.

Answer 10

It consists of sea cucumbers and animals with elongated flexible bodies. The mouth is surrounded by a circle of modified tube feet that serve as tentacles

Question 11

What phylum do chordates belong to?

Answer 11

Phylum Chordata

Question 12

What are the three subphylas to phylum Chordata?

Answer 12

Unchordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata

Question 13

What are the four shared characteristics of a chordate?

Answer 13

It has a flexible, supporting notochord; a dorsal, tubular nerve chord; a muscular postanal tail, and an endostyle gland

Question 14

What are tunicates?

Answer 14

They belong to the subphyla Urochordata; they are suspension-feeding marine animals with tunics. Larvae are free-swimming while adults are sessile suspension feeders

Question 15

What are lancelets?

Answer 15

They belong to the subphyla Cephlachordata; they are small, segmented, fishlike animals

Question 16

What are the four shared characteristics of vertebraes?

Answer 16

They have a vertebral column that forms the chief skeletal axis of the body and a cranium; neural crest cells are important for the cranium and jaws; and they have a cephalization, a complex brain, and muscles attached to the endoskeleton for movement

Question 17

What are the nine clades of vertebrates?

Answer 17

Myxini, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi, Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia

Question 18

What animal consists of Myxini?

Answer 18

Hagfishes

Question 19

What animal consists of the Petromyzontida?

Answer 19

Lampreys

Question 20

What is similar between the hagfishes (Myxini) and lampreys (Petromyzontida)?

Answer 20

They have neither jaws nor paired fins

Question 21

What animals do the Clade Chondrichthyes comprise of?

Answer 21

It is comprised of the sharks, rays, and skates

Question 22

Describe the Chondrichthyes.

Answer 22

They are jawed fishes with skeletons of cartilage

Question 23

What animal is the assigned to the group: Actinopterygii?

Answer 23

Ray-finned fishes

Question 24

What animal is assigned to the group: Actinistia?

Answer 24

Coelacanths

Question 25

What animals is assigned to the group: Dipnoi?

Answer 25

Lungfishes

Question 26

What do the three groups (Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi) share?

Answer 26

They are all bony fishes that have limbs similar in size and position to the tetrapods

Question 27

What are the tetrapods?

Answer 27

The tetrapods include the clades Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia

Question 28

Which animals consist of the Amphibia clade?

Answer 28

Salamanders, frogs, and toads

Question 29

Describe the Amphibia clade.

Answer 29

They have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis

Question 30

What animals consist of the Reptilia clade?

Answer 30

Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and birds

Question 31

Describe the Reptilia clade.

Answer 31

They are all amniotes with horny scales or feathers and reproduction adapted for terrestrial life

Question 32

What animals consist of the Mammalia clade?

Answer 32

monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals

Question 33

Describe the Mammalia clade.

Answer 33

amniotes with hair and mammary glands

Question 34

What fishes make up the extant jawless fishes (agnathans)?

Answer 34

hagfishes (Myxini) and the lampreys (Petromyzontida)

Question 35

What feature is similar in hagfishes and lampreys?

Answer 35

no jaws and paired fins

Question 36

What are some features of hagfishes?

Answer 36

marine scavengers that secrete slime as a defense mechanism

Question 37

what is one feature of lampreys?

Answer 37

they are parasites on other fishes

Question 38

What type of fish are Chondrichthyes, and why?

Answer 38

they are CARTILAGINOUS fishes because they have jaws, two pairs of fins, and placoid scales

Question 39

What two lines branched out from bony fishes, and their features?

Answer 39

ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii) - lungs modified as a swim bladder - air sac for regulating buoyancy

Question 40

What two lines rose from the lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii)?

Answer 40

lungfishes (Dipnoi) and coelacanths (Actinistia)

Question 41

What are features of modern amphibians?

Answer 41

- moist skin and lungs for gas exchange - three-chambered heart - systemic and pulmonary circulations

Question 42

What are amniotes?

Answer 42

terrestrial vertebrates

Question 43

What are three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life?

Answer 43

- evolution of the amniotic egg with its shell and amnion - fertilization - amniotes that prevent water loss

Question 44

What are the two main groups of amniotes?

Answer 44

Diapsids and Synapsids

Question 45

What reptiles make up the Diapsid group?

Answer 45

turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates (snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, saurischian, dinosaurs, and birds

Question 46

What reptiles make up the Synapsid group?

Answer 46

Synapsids gave rise to the therapods, which gave rise to the mammals

Question 47

What five groups are classified into extant reptiles?

Answer 47

1. turtles, terrapins, and tortoises 2. lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians 3. tuataras 4. crocodiles, aligators, caimans, and gavials 5. birds

Question 48

What are some features of reptiles?

Answer 48

- dry skin with horny scales - lungs with many chambers - 3-chambered heart that separate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood

Question 49

What are some features of birds?

Answer 49

- adaptations for powered flight (feathers, wings, light,hollow-bones containing airspaces) - four-chambered heart and efficient lungs - endotherms (maintain a constant body temperature) - well-developed nervous system - excellent vision and hearing

Question 50

What are five key features of mammals?

Answer 50

1. hair 2. mammary glands 3. differentiated teeth 4. three middle-ear bones 5. muscular diaphragm

Question 51

What are examples of Protherians (monotremes), and their distinction?

Answer 51

duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters | -monotremes lay eggs

Question 52

What are examples of Metatherians (marsupials), and their distinction?

Answer 52

pouched mammals, such as kangaroos or opossums | -young complete development in the mother's marsupium

Question 53

What are some distinctions of Eutherians?

Answer 53

- well-developed placenta | - organ of exchange that develops between the embryo and mother