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Biology > The Deuterostomes > Flashcards

The Deuterostomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are some examples of deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates

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1
Q

What are the shared derived characteristics of deuterostomes?

A
  • Radial
  • interdeterminate cleavage
  • blastospore becomes the anus
  • pharyngeal slits sometime in the life cycle
  • larva with a loop-shaped ciliated band used for locomotion
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2
Q

What are hemichordates?

A

Also called acorn worms; they are marine deuterostomes with a three- part body, including proboscis, collar, and trunk

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3
Q

What are three shared characteristics of echinoderms?

A

Echinoderms have spiny skin, water vascular system, tube feet, and endoskeleton. The larvae have bilateral symmetry, but the adults have pentaradial symmetry

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4
Q

What phylum does echinoderms belong to?

A

Phylum echinodermata

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5
Q

What are the main classes of echinoderms?

A

Class crinoidea, Class asteroidea, Class ophiuroidea, Class echinoidea, and Class holothuroidea

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6
Q

Describe the Class Crinoidea.

A

They include sea lilies and feather stars. The oral surface of crinoids are turned upward; and some are sessile

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7
Q

Describe the Class Asteroidea.

A

It consists of sea stars. They have a central disc with five or more arms, and use tube feet for locomotion

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8
Q

Describe the Class Ophiuroidea.

A

This class includes the brittle stars, and they use their arms for locomotion

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9
Q

Describe the Class Echinoidea.

A

It includes the sea urchins and sand dollars. They lack arms and have a solid shell covered with spines

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10
Q

Describe the Class Holothuroidea.

A

It consists of sea cucumbers and animals with elongated flexible bodies. The mouth is surrounded by a circle of modified tube feet that serve as tentacles

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11
Q

What phylum do chordates belong to?

A

Phylum Chordata

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12
Q

What are the three subphylas to phylum Chordata?

A

Unchordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata

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13
Q

What are the four shared characteristics of a chordate?

A

It has a flexible, supporting notochord; a dorsal, tubular nerve chord; a muscular postanal tail, and an endostyle gland

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14
Q

What are tunicates?

A

They belong to the subphyla Urochordata; they are suspension-feeding marine animals with tunics. Larvae are free-swimming while adults are sessile suspension feeders

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15
Q

What are lancelets?

A

They belong to the subphyla Cephlachordata; they are small, segmented, fishlike animals

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16
Q

What are the four shared characteristics of vertebraes?

A

They have a vertebral column that forms the chief skeletal axis of the body and a cranium; neural crest cells are important for the cranium and jaws; and they have a cephalization, a complex brain, and muscles attached to the endoskeleton for movement

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17
Q

What are the nine clades of vertebrates?

A

Myxini, Petromyzontida, Chondrichthyes, Actinopterygii, Actinistia, Dipnoi, Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia

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18
Q

What animal consists of Myxini?

A

Hagfishes

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19
Q

What animal consists of the Petromyzontida?

A

Lampreys

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20
Q

What is similar between the hagfishes (Myxini) and lampreys (Petromyzontida)?

A

They have neither jaws nor paired fins

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21
Q

What animals do the Clade Chondrichthyes comprise of?

A

It is comprised of the sharks, rays, and skates

22
Q

Describe the Chondrichthyes.

A

They are jawed fishes with skeletons of cartilage

23
Q

What animal is the assigned to the group: Actinopterygii?

A

Ray-finned fishes

24
Q

What animal is assigned to the group: Actinistia?

A

Coelacanths

25
Q

What animals is assigned to the group: Dipnoi?

A

Lungfishes

26
Q

What do the three groups (Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi) share?

A

They are all bony fishes that have limbs similar in size and position to the tetrapods

27
Q

What are the tetrapods?

A

The tetrapods include the clades Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia

28
Q

Which animals consist of the Amphibia clade?

A

Salamanders, frogs, and toads

29
Q

Describe the Amphibia clade.

A

They have aquatic larvae that undergo metamorphosis

30
Q

What animals consist of the Reptilia clade?

A

Turtles, lizards, snakes, alligators, and birds

31
Q

Describe the Reptilia clade.

A

They are all amniotes with horny scales or feathers and reproduction adapted for terrestrial life

32
Q

What animals consist of the Mammalia clade?

A

monotremes, marsupials, placental mammals

33
Q

Describe the Mammalia clade.

A

amniotes with hair and mammary glands

34
Q

What fishes make up the extant jawless fishes (agnathans)?

A

hagfishes (Myxini) and the lampreys (Petromyzontida)

35
Q

What feature is similar in hagfishes and lampreys?

A

no jaws and paired fins

36
Q

What are some features of hagfishes?

A

marine scavengers that secrete slime as a defense mechanism

37
Q

what is one feature of lampreys?

A

they are parasites on other fishes

38
Q

What type of fish are Chondrichthyes, and why?

A

they are CARTILAGINOUS fishes because they have jaws, two pairs of fins, and placoid scales

39
Q

What two lines branched out from bony fishes, and their features?

A

ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) and lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii)

  • lungs modified as a swim bladder
  • air sac for regulating buoyancy
40
Q

What two lines rose from the lobe-finned fishes (Sarcopterygii)?

A

lungfishes (Dipnoi) and coelacanths (Actinistia)

41
Q

What are features of modern amphibians?

A
  • moist skin and lungs for gas exchange
  • three-chambered heart
  • systemic and pulmonary circulations
42
Q

What are amniotes?

A

terrestrial vertebrates

43
Q

What are three vertebrate adaptations to terrestrial life?

A
  • evolution of the amniotic egg with its shell and amnion
  • fertilization
  • amniotes that prevent water loss
44
Q

What are the two main groups of amniotes?

A

Diapsids and Synapsids

45
Q

What reptiles make up the Diapsid group?

A

turtles, ichthyosaurs, tuataras, squamates (snakes and lizards), crocodiles, pterosaurs, saurischian, dinosaurs, and birds

46
Q

What reptiles make up the Synapsid group?

A

Synapsids gave rise to the therapods, which gave rise to the mammals

47
Q

What five groups are classified into extant reptiles?

A
  1. turtles, terrapins, and tortoises
  2. lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians
  3. tuataras
  4. crocodiles, aligators, caimans, and gavials
  5. birds
48
Q

What are some features of reptiles?

A
  • dry skin with horny scales
  • lungs with many chambers
  • 3-chambered heart that separate oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood
49
Q

What are some features of birds?

A
  • adaptations for powered flight (feathers, wings, light,hollow-bones containing airspaces)
  • four-chambered heart and efficient lungs
  • endotherms (maintain a constant body temperature)
  • well-developed nervous system
  • excellent vision and hearing
50
Q

What are five key features of mammals?

A
  1. hair
  2. mammary glands
  3. differentiated teeth
  4. three middle-ear bones
  5. muscular diaphragm
51
Q

What are examples of Protherians (monotremes), and their distinction?

A

duck-billed platypus and spiny anteaters

-monotremes lay eggs

52
Q

What are examples of Metatherians (marsupials), and their distinction?

A

pouched mammals, such as kangaroos or opossums

-young complete development in the mother’s marsupium

53
Q

What are some distinctions of Eutherians?

A
  • well-developed placenta

- organ of exchange that develops between the embryo and mother

Biology (7 decks)

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