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Biology > Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes > Flashcards

Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes Flashcards

0
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a sponge.

A
  • mesophyll is supported by spicules of calcium carbonate (silica) secreted by amoeboid cells
  • fibrous part of the sponge skeleton consists of spongin
  • sponges do not have specialized nervous cells
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1
Q

What phylum are sponges in?

A

Phylum porifera

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2
Q

What phylum are cnidarians in?

A

Phylum cnidaria

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3
Q

What are the two body shapes of cnidarians? Describe them.

A

Two body shapes are:

  • the polyp: represented by a Hydra, has a dorsal mouth surrounded by tentacles
  • the medusa: jellyfish form
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4
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a cnidarian.

A
  • gastrovascular cavity used as a mouth and anus

- contractile cells act on the water-filled gastrovascular cavity, forming a hydrostatic skeleton

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5
Q

What are the four groups of cnidarians?

A
  1. Hydrozoa
  2. Scyphozoa
  3. Cubozoa
  4. Anthozoa
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6
Q

What is an example of a hydrozoa? Describe it.

A

Obelia: only sperm and eggs are haploid, and it has a reproductive polyp and feeding polyp

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7
Q

Describe the coral reefs.

A
  • consist of colonies of corals and coralline red algae
  • the most productive and diverse ecosystems
  • risk of extinction due to overfishing, mining, pollution, siltation, acidification, global warming, and disease
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8
Q

What do coral reefs depend on? What prevents them from attaining this?

A

It depends on endosymbiotic photosynthesis algae for nutrition. Coral bleaching is stress-induced loss of symbiotic algae, which leads to corals becoming malnourished and die.

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9
Q

What phylum are ctenophores in? What are they normally named/called?

A

Phylum ctenophora. They are usually called comb jellies.

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10
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a comb jelly.

A
  • outer surface has rows of eight cilia that look like combs
  • biradially symmetrical
  • feeding tentacles that have adhesive glue cells that trap prey
  • two cell layers separated by mesoglea
  • digestive cavity opens in both ends
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11
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a lophotrochozoa.

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic (three tissue layers)
  • tube-within-a-tube body plan
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12
Q

What species are included in the clade for lophotrochozoa?

A
  • flatworms
  • nemerteans
  • mollusks
  • annelids
  • lophophorate phyla
  • rotifers
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13
Q

What phylum are flatworms in?

A

Phylum platyhelminths

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14
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a flatworm.

A
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • triploblastic
  • gastrovascular cavity has only one mouth
  • no organs
  • nervous system consists of ganglia connected to nerve chords
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16
Q

What are the four classes of flatworms? Which are highly adapted?

A
  1. Turbellaria (free-living flatworms)
  2. Trematoda (parasitic fluke)
  3. Monogenea (parasitic fluke)
  4. Cestoda (parasitic tapeworms)
    - #2,3,4 are highly adapted
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17
Q

What is an example of a Nemertean?

A

ribbon worms

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18
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a nemertean.

A
  • proboscis (muscular tube used for food and defense)
  • tube-within-a-tube body plan
  • complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
  • circulatory system
  • reduced coelom
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19
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a mollusk.

A
  • soft-bodied animal
  • ventral foot used for locomotion and a mantle that cover the organs
  • three of the main groups have an open circulatory system; one has a closed circulatory system (cephalopods)
  • three of the main groups are scraper-feeders; one is a filter feeder (bivalves)
  • trochophore larva
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20
Q

What are the four main groups of mollusks?

A
  1. Polyplacophorans
  2. Gastropods
  3. Bivalves
  4. Cephalopods
21
Q

What is an example of a polyplacophorans? What are some distinctions from the others?

A

An example are chitons, which are mollusks with shells consisting of eight overlapping dorsal plates.

22
Q

What are some examples of a gastropod, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are snails, slugs, and their relatives. They have a well-developed head with tentacles, and their body undergoes torsion, where their organs twist.

23
Q

What are some examples of bivalves, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are aquatic clams, scallops, and oysters. They have a two-part shell, hinged dorsally, that encloses their bodies.

24
Q

What are some examples of cephalopods, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are squids, octopods, and Nautilus. They are active, predatory swimmers that have tentacles around the mouth in the large head.

25
Describe the skeletal framework of a annelid.
- long bodies with segmentation internally and externally | - large coelom serves as a hydrostatic skeleton
26
What are the three main groups of annelids?
1. Polychaetes 2. Oligochaetes 3. Hirudinida
27
What is an example of a polychaetes, and their distinctions?
An example are aquatic worms that have appendages used for locomotion and gas exchange and head with sense organs.
28
What is an example of a oligochaetes, and their distinctions?
An example includes earthworms, in which its body is divided into 100 segments separated internally by septa.
29
What is an example of a hirudinida, and their distinctions?
An example of a hirudinida is a leech. They are equipped with suckers for holding on to their host.
30
What are distinguishing features of a lophophorate?
- marine animals - ciliated ring of tentacles around the mouth (lophophore) - lophophore is used to capture suspended particles in water
31
What are distinguishing features of rotifers?
- pseufocoelomates - thought to have evolved from coelmates - have a crown of cilia at their anterior end
32
Describe the phylogeny of an ecdysozoa.
It goes through the process of molting (ecdysis) then replaced by the growth of a new one.
33
Describe the body plan of a nematode, or roundworm.
- pseudocoelom | - body covered by a cuticle to prevent dessication
34
What are the four parasitic nematodes?
1. Ascaris 2. hookworms 3. trichina worms 4. pinworms
35
What phylum are arthropods in?
Phylum Arthropoda
36
Describe the skeletal framework of an arthropod.
- paired, jointed appendages - exoskeleton - molting is necessary - open circulatory system - dorsal heart pumps hemolymph - aquatic forms have gills for gas exchange; terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs
37
What animals make up the clade Panarthropoda?
Velvet worms (onychophorans) and water bears (tardigrades)
38
What are the five subphylum groups of arthropods?
1. Extinct trilobites 2. Extant myriapoda 3. Chelicerate 4. Crustacea 5. Hexapoda
39
What are some characteristics of the extinct Trilobites?
- hard, segmented shell | - appendages with two jointed branches, inner walking leg and an outer gill branch
40
What are some examples of extant Myriapoda, and their features?
Centipedes (class Chilopoda) and millipedes (class Diplopoda) - unbranched appendages - single pair of antennae
41
What are some examples of Chelicerate?
Merostomes and Arachnids
42
What is an example of a merostome?
horseshoe crabs
43
What are examples of arachnids?
spiders, mites, and their relatives
44
What are some features of Chelicerate?
- cephalothorax and abdomen - unbranched, jointed appendages which four serves as legs - appendages are adapted for the use of manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, and copulation
45
What are examples of Crustacea, and their features?
lobsters, crabs, shrimps, pil bugs, and barnacles. - cephalothorax and abdomen - five pairs of walking legs - unbranched appendages - two pairs of appendages used for taste and touch - third appendages are mandibles used for chewing - two pairs of maxille manipulate and hold food
46
What class makes up the Hexapods?
class Insecta
47
What are some features of the Hexapods?
- consists of head, thorax, abdomen | - unbranched appendages, single pair of antennae, tracheae for gas exchange, Malpighian tubules for excretion
48
What are effective adaptations for insects' biological success?
- versatile exoskeleton - segmentation - specialized jointed appendages - highly developed sense organs - ability to fly - metamorphosis - reproductive strategies - effective mechanisms for defense and offense - ability to communicate

Biology (7 decks)

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