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Biology > Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes > Flashcards

Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes Flashcards

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0
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a sponge.

A
  • mesophyll is supported by spicules of calcium carbonate (silica) secreted by amoeboid cells
  • fibrous part of the sponge skeleton consists of spongin
  • sponges do not have specialized nervous cells
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1
Q

What phylum are sponges in?

A

Phylum porifera

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2
Q

What phylum are cnidarians in?

A

Phylum cnidaria

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3
Q

What are the two body shapes of cnidarians? Describe them.

A

Two body shapes are:

  • the polyp: represented by a Hydra, has a dorsal mouth surrounded by tentacles
  • the medusa: jellyfish form
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4
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a cnidarian.

A
  • gastrovascular cavity used as a mouth and anus

- contractile cells act on the water-filled gastrovascular cavity, forming a hydrostatic skeleton

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5
Q

What are the four groups of cnidarians?

A
  1. Hydrozoa
  2. Scyphozoa
  3. Cubozoa
  4. Anthozoa
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6
Q

What is an example of a hydrozoa? Describe it.

A

Obelia: only sperm and eggs are haploid, and it has a reproductive polyp and feeding polyp

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7
Q

Describe the coral reefs.

A
  • consist of colonies of corals and coralline red algae
  • the most productive and diverse ecosystems
  • risk of extinction due to overfishing, mining, pollution, siltation, acidification, global warming, and disease
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8
Q

What do coral reefs depend on? What prevents them from attaining this?

A

It depends on endosymbiotic photosynthesis algae for nutrition. Coral bleaching is stress-induced loss of symbiotic algae, which leads to corals becoming malnourished and die.

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9
Q

What phylum are ctenophores in? What are they normally named/called?

A

Phylum ctenophora. They are usually called comb jellies.

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10
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a comb jelly.

A
  • outer surface has rows of eight cilia that look like combs
  • biradially symmetrical
  • feeding tentacles that have adhesive glue cells that trap prey
  • two cell layers separated by mesoglea
  • digestive cavity opens in both ends
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11
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a lophotrochozoa.

A
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • triploblastic (three tissue layers)
  • tube-within-a-tube body plan
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12
Q

What species are included in the clade for lophotrochozoa?

A
  • flatworms
  • nemerteans
  • mollusks
  • annelids
  • lophophorate phyla
  • rotifers
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13
Q

What phylum are flatworms in?

A

Phylum platyhelminths

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14
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a flatworm.

A
  • bilaterally symmetrical
  • triploblastic
  • gastrovascular cavity has only one mouth
  • no organs
  • nervous system consists of ganglia connected to nerve chords
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16
Q

What are the four classes of flatworms? Which are highly adapted?

A
  1. Turbellaria (free-living flatworms)
  2. Trematoda (parasitic fluke)
  3. Monogenea (parasitic fluke)
  4. Cestoda (parasitic tapeworms)
    - #2,3,4 are highly adapted
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17
Q

What is an example of a Nemertean?

A

ribbon worms

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18
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a nemertean.

A
  • proboscis (muscular tube used for food and defense)
  • tube-within-a-tube body plan
  • complete digestive tract with mouth and anus
  • circulatory system
  • reduced coelom
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19
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a mollusk.

A
  • soft-bodied animal
  • ventral foot used for locomotion and a mantle that cover the organs
  • three of the main groups have an open circulatory system; one has a closed circulatory system (cephalopods)
  • three of the main groups are scraper-feeders; one is a filter feeder (bivalves)
  • trochophore larva
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20
Q

What are the four main groups of mollusks?

A
  1. Polyplacophorans
  2. Gastropods
  3. Bivalves
  4. Cephalopods
21
Q

What is an example of a polyplacophorans? What are some distinctions from the others?

A

An example are chitons, which are mollusks with shells consisting of eight overlapping dorsal plates.

22
Q

What are some examples of a gastropod, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are snails, slugs, and their relatives. They have a well-developed head with tentacles, and their body undergoes torsion, where their organs twist.

23
Q

What are some examples of bivalves, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are aquatic clams, scallops, and oysters. They have a two-part shell, hinged dorsally, that encloses their bodies.

24
Q

What are some examples of cephalopods, and their distinctions from others?

A

Some examples are squids, octopods, and Nautilus. They are active, predatory swimmers that have tentacles around the mouth in the large head.

25
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of a annelid.

A
  • long bodies with segmentation internally and externally

- large coelom serves as a hydrostatic skeleton

26
Q

What are the three main groups of annelids?

A
  1. Polychaetes
  2. Oligochaetes
  3. Hirudinida
27
Q

What is an example of a polychaetes, and their distinctions?

A

An example are aquatic worms that have appendages used for locomotion and gas exchange and head with sense organs.

28
Q

What is an example of a oligochaetes, and their distinctions?

A

An example includes earthworms, in which its body is divided into 100 segments separated internally by septa.

29
Q

What is an example of a hirudinida, and their distinctions?

A

An example of a hirudinida is a leech. They are equipped with suckers for holding on to their host.

30
Q

What are distinguishing features of a lophophorate?

A
  • marine animals
  • ciliated ring of tentacles around the mouth (lophophore)
  • lophophore is used to capture suspended particles in water
31
Q

What are distinguishing features of rotifers?

A
  • pseufocoelomates
  • thought to have evolved from coelmates
  • have a crown of cilia at their anterior end
32
Q

Describe the phylogeny of an ecdysozoa.

A

It goes through the process of molting (ecdysis) then replaced by the growth of a new one.

33
Q

Describe the body plan of a nematode, or roundworm.

A
  • pseudocoelom

- body covered by a cuticle to prevent dessication

34
Q

What are the four parasitic nematodes?

A
  1. Ascaris
  2. hookworms
  3. trichina worms
  4. pinworms
35
Q

What phylum are arthropods in?

A

Phylum Arthropoda

36
Q

Describe the skeletal framework of an arthropod.

A
  • paired, jointed appendages
  • exoskeleton
  • molting is necessary
  • open circulatory system
  • dorsal heart pumps hemolymph
  • aquatic forms have gills for gas exchange; terrestrial forms have either tracheae or book lungs
37
Q

What animals make up the clade Panarthropoda?

A

Velvet worms (onychophorans) and water bears (tardigrades)

38
Q

What are the five subphylum groups of arthropods?

A
  1. Extinct trilobites
  2. Extant myriapoda
  3. Chelicerate
  4. Crustacea
  5. Hexapoda
39
Q

What are some characteristics of the extinct Trilobites?

A
  • hard, segmented shell

- appendages with two jointed branches, inner walking leg and an outer gill branch

40
Q

What are some examples of extant Myriapoda, and their features?

A

Centipedes (class Chilopoda) and millipedes (class Diplopoda)

  • unbranched appendages
  • single pair of antennae
41
Q

What are some examples of Chelicerate?

A

Merostomes and Arachnids

42
Q

What is an example of a merostome?

A

horseshoe crabs

43
Q

What are examples of arachnids?

A

spiders, mites, and their relatives

44
Q

What are some features of Chelicerate?

A
  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • unbranched, jointed appendages which four serves as legs
  • appendages are adapted for the use of manipulation of food, locomotion, defense, and copulation
45
Q

What are examples of Crustacea, and their features?

A

lobsters, crabs, shrimps, pil bugs, and barnacles.

  • cephalothorax and abdomen
  • five pairs of walking legs
  • unbranched appendages
  • two pairs of appendages used for taste and touch
  • third appendages are mandibles used for chewing
  • two pairs of maxille manipulate and hold food
46
Q

What class makes up the Hexapods?

A

class Insecta

47
Q

What are some features of the Hexapods?

A
  • consists of head, thorax, abdomen

- unbranched appendages, single pair of antennae, tracheae for gas exchange, Malpighian tubules for excretion

48
Q

What are effective adaptations for insects’ biological success?

A
  • versatile exoskeleton
  • segmentation
  • specialized jointed appendages
  • highly developed sense organs
  • ability to fly
  • metamorphosis
  • reproductive strategies
  • effective mechanisms for defense and offense
  • ability to communicate

Biology (7 decks)

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