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Books > The Design of Everyday Things > Flashcards

The Design of Everyday Things Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the author of The Design of Everyday Things?

A

Don Norman

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2
Q

Why do we need to know the human mind?

A

Because things are designed to be used by people, and without a deep understanding of people, the designs are apt to be faulty, difficult to use, difficult to understand.

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3
Q

Conscious attention is necessary to learn most things, but after the initial learning, continued practice and study, sometimes for thousands of hours over a period of years, produces what psychologists call “_______”.

A

overlearning

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4
Q

What is Declarative memory?

A

Memory for factual information

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5
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Recalling the activities performed to open the door

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6
Q

T or F: Cognition and emotion cannot be separated.

A

True.

Cognitive thoughts lead to emotions: emotions drive cognitive thoughts.

The brain is structured to act upon the world, and every action carries with it expectations, these expectations drive emotions.

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7
Q

Cognition attempts to make sense of the world: emotion assigns _____

A

value

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8
Q

The ______ system determines whether a situation is safe or threatening, whether something that is happening is good or bad, desirable or not.

A

Emotional system

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9
Q

Cognition provides _______: emotion provides value judgments.

A

understanding

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10
Q

A human without a working emotional system has difficulty _____ ____. A human without a cognitive system is ______.

A

making choices. dysfunctional

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11
Q

We use logic and reason after the fact, to …

A

justify our actions

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12
Q

What is the most basic level of processing in the brain?

A

Visceral

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13
Q

Visceral is sometimes referred to as the?

A

Lizard Brain

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14
Q

The visceral system allows us to respond quickly and subconsciously, without _____ _____ or _____.

A

conscious awareness or control

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15
Q

What are the three levels of processing?

A

Reflective, Behavioral, Visceral

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16
Q

The basic biology of the visceral system minimizes it ability to learn? Visceral learning takes place primarily by what?

A

Sensitization or desensitization through such mechanisms as adaptation and classical conditioning.

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17
Q

Is the visceral response fast or slow?

A

It is fast and automatic.

18
Q

Are visceral responses conscious or subconscious?

A

Subconscious

19
Q

For designers, the visceral response is about what?

A

Immediate perception (the pleasantness of a mellow, harmonious sound or the jarring, irritating scratch of fingernails on a rough surface.

This has nothing to do with how usable, effective or understandable the product is.

It is all about attraction or repulsion.
Great designers use their aesthetic sensibilities to drive these visceral responses.

20
Q

An easy task, far below our skill level, makes it so easy to meet expectations that there is no challenge. Very little or no processing effort is required, which leads to

A

apathy or boredom

21
Q

A difficult task, far above our skill, leads to

A

so many failed expectations that it causes frustration, anxiety, and helplessness

22
Q

When does a flow state occur?

A

When the challenge of the activity just slightly exceeds our skill level, so full attention is continually required.

23
Q

The flow requires that the activity be neither too ____ nor too _____ relative to our level of skill.

A

too easy nor too difficult

24
Q

What is the Conspiracy of Silence?

A

Where feelings of guilt and helplessness among people are kept hidden.

25
Q

What has Learned Helplessness?

A

The situation in which people experience repeated failure at a task. As a result, they decide that the task cannot be done, at least not by them; they are helpless. They stop trying

26
Q

In extreme cases what does Learned Helplessness lead to?

A

It can lead to depression and to a belief that individuals cannot cope with everyday life at all.

27
Q

To fail is to

A

learn

28
Q

It is possible to avoid failure, to always be safe. But that is also the route to a

A

dull, uninteresting life

29
Q

Designers should strive to minimize the chance of inappropriate actions in the first place by using …

A

Affordances, signifiers, good mapping, and constraints to guide the actions.

30
Q

If a person performs an inappropriate action, the design should maximize the change that this can be _______ and then rectified.

A

discovered

31
Q

What are the seven stages of Action?

A
  1. What do I want to accomplish?
  2. What are the alternative action sequences?
  3. What action can I do now?
  4. How do I do it?
  5. What happened?
  6. What does it mean?
  7. Is this okay? Have I accomplished my goal?
32
Q

What is feedforward?

A

The information that helps answer questions of execution (doing)

33
Q

What is feedback?

A

The information that aids in understanding what has happened

34
Q

How is feedforward accomplished?

A

Through appropriate use of signifiers, constraints, and mappings.

35
Q

What are the seven fundamental principles of design?

A
  1. Discoverability
  2. Feedback
  3. Conceptual model
  4. Affordances
  5. Signifiers
  6. Mappings
  7. Constraints
36
Q

What is Discoverability?

A

It is possible to determine what actions are possible and the current state of the device

37
Q

What is Feedback?

A

After an action has been executed, it is easy to determine the new state

38
Q

What is a Conceptual model?

A

The design projects all the information needed to create a good conceptual model of the system, leading to understanding and a feeling of control. The conceptual model enhances both discoverability and evaluation of results.

39
Q

What are Affordances?

A

The proper affordances exist to make the desired actions possible

40
Q

What are Signifiers?

A

Effective use of signifiers ensures discoverability and that the feedback is well communicated and intelligible

41
Q

What are Mappings?

A

The relationship between controls and their actions follows the principles of good mapping, enhanced as much as possible through spatial layout and temporal contiguity

42
Q

What are Constraints?

A

Providing physical, logical, semantic, and cultural constraints guides action and ease interpretation

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