The cultural revolution and aftermath 1966-67 Flashcards
1
Q
How did divisions within the CCP contribute to the launching of the cultural revolution?
A
- Mao did not want to stray from communism in order to fix damages caused by the firt and second five year plans but pragmatists such as Liu and Deng did
2
Q
How did the quest for revolution contribute to the launching of the cultural revolution?
A
- Mao did not want old attitudes to slip back in especially amongst the younger generation who had not been hardened by any events of the part such as the antis campaigns
3
Q
How did attacks on bureaucracy contribute to the launching of the cultural revolution?
A
- Bourgeois attitudes reinforced in the party by bureaucracy because they had been too comfortable with their jobs and wished to protect the status quo
4
Q
How did divisions between supporters and enemies of Mao’s policies contribute to the launching of the cultural revolution?
A
- ## The cultural revolution was a purge of pragmatists through using the gang of four, Chen Boda, Jiang Qing, Lin Biao and Kang Sheng
5
Q
How did Mao control the young people?
A
- Mao used his personality cult by making young people carry the little red book which carried all of Mao’s sayings
- Mao used rallies full of young people in order to expose opposition with he first accounting for 1 million of the red guard in Tiananmen square
- Young people from the wrong class label were offered job opportunities
6
Q
What were the mass rallies of 1966?
A
- First one on 18th August with 1 million of the red guard where Mao and Lin were in military uniforms but Liu, Denga nd Zhou were in civillian clothes at the back of the balcony
- Violence spreaad after with the red guard attacking anyone form the wrong background because school and universities were closed
- Red guard given free rail passes to attack wherever yhey wished
7
Q
What were the attacks on the four olds?
A
- cultures, iddes, customs and habits
- Confucianism denounced
- Western style stripped through correction stations
- 100,000 Houses searched for bourgeois possessions and those that owned them subject to struggle sessions and beat
- Clergy, public worship and ceremonies banned because religion fell into old culture
- Ancestor worship remained
- Roughly 4600 cultural sites destroyed
- Zhou Enlai protected the forbidden ctiy by defending it with the PLA
8
Q
How did anarchy and the use of terror grow?
A
- Wall posters made students turn on teachers and anyone Bourgeoisie
- Xingting a military leader tortured in struggle sessions
- Ministry of public security reported members of bad classes to the red guard
- 1966, a Beijing crematorium got rid of 2000 bodies in 2 weeks
- 67,000 deaths in Guangxi across the revolution
- Febuary crackdwn, the PLA purged radical provinces
- Mao made CCRG override the Politburo and the PLA and suppressed radical provinces in order to mov onto the consolidation part of the culutral revolution
9
Q
How were Liu Shaqoi and Deng Xiaoping attacked?
A
- Both pragmatists but couldnt be purged immediatley due to influence of the politburo
- 1964, Mao acused Liu of being a capitalist roader and Deng of acting independently
- 1965, Mao had influence he needed with the gang of four and the Shanghai radicals and attacked Wu han to shake the power of Liu and Deng
- 1966, both fired after a red guard rally
- Liu died of pneumonia in 1969 after being dragged out of his house and beaten with his wife
- Deng reintergrated in to the party in 1973
10
Q
How was Lin Bao attacked?`
A
- 1969 constitution said Lin was to be Maos successor
- He was too popular and Mao feared he would rise up and take power witht eh PLA
- Official version states Lin was part of an assassination plot and Zhou Enali thwarted it causing him to fly to Russia with no fuel crashing in the Mongolian desert
- News of death not released until 1972 when Jiang Qing lauched a campaign discrediting him and confusious together
- Lin’s death caused a race to power by many factions
11
Q
How was CCP membership purged?
A
- 14 Politburo members purged
- 6 regional first secretaries purged
- 66% of central committee purged
- Three million cadres sent back to cadre school
- All but 4 first secretaries lost their job to PLA members
- 1969, 9th party congress declared the cultural revolution to be over
12
Q
How were capitalist roaders and foriegners purged from Chna?
A
- Urban areas targeted to drive out the bourgeoisie causing a 13% fall in industrial production in 1967
- Cleansing the class rank campaign in the countryside set up by the CCRG accounting for 100,000 deaths and violence peaked in these areas between 1968-71 after the red guards went away
- Red guards broke into foreign embassies attacking the staff
- 30 countries experienced violence under chinese militants
13
Q
How did the PLA restore order?
A
- 1967, PLA allowed to clamp down on red guard violence
- Violence used to end most serious unrest in Shaunxi and Guanxi
14
Q
What was the rustification campaign?
A
- 5 million young people to countryside brtween 1968-70
- Conditions were horrible because peasnats were hostile and had little extra food to feed them
- Many felt they had been used as pawns in the cultural revolution
15
Q
How did Deng Xiaoping and Zhou Enlai return to power?
A
- Although Zhou was a pragmatist he managed not to be ourged
- Zhou put forward the four modernisations while Mao had to deal with Lins treachery raising quality of education, economic output and foriegn relations with the USA
- Zhou was unable to remove radicals Mao returned after 1973 slowing progress
- Zhou brought Deng back in 73 to train his successor Wang Hongwen and lead China in UN delegation nd regained his post as foriegn secretary in 1974
