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British Experience of Warfare c1790 - 1918 > The Crimean War 1853 - 1856 > Flashcards

The Crimean War 1853 - 1856 Flashcards

1
Q

How many years of international peace was there after the Treaty of Vienna?

A

4

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2
Q

What 2 issues were there that were causing conflict within the Ottoman Empire?

A
  • Nationalism brought issues because there were multiple nations within an empire
  • Religion because Ottoman Empire was Islamic but a lot of the areas they conquered were Christian
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3
Q

What 3 things did Russia want?

A
  • Warm water port in Constantinople
  • Assert their position as protector of Christians in Balkans
  • Assertion of power
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4
Q

Why did Napoleon want to challenge Russia and how did he plan on doing this?

A
  • 1815 –> Humiliated in Congress of Vienna
  • By destroying 1815 peace settlement
  • By showing France was best in Europe
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5
Q

Why was Russia’s wish for Constantinople worrying for Britain?

A
  • Russia could sail through Straits
  • Threat to British naval supremacy in East Mediterranean
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6
Q

Who do Russia invade in July 1853 and why?

A
  • Moldavia and Wallachia (Ottoman provinces)
  • Pressed Ottoman sultan for concessions regarding Empire’s Christian subjects, which was refused
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7
Q

When does the Ottoman Empire declare war on Russia?

A

5 Oct 1853

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8
Q

What happens in July 1854?

A

Austria threatened Russia so Russia withdraws from Moldovia and Wallachia

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9
Q

Who proposes 4 points in an attempt to end the war and why does this fail?

A
  • Austria
  • Russia does not agree to them
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10
Q

What happened in Jan 1854, involving GBR and FRA and hence, when did each country declare war on Russia?

A
  • They sailed into Black Sea to blockade Russian fleet
  • 27 March 1854 –> France declares war
  • 28 March –> Britain declares war
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11
Q

When do British forces sail to Crimea and with how many forces?

A
  • Sep 1854
  • 5 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, 26000 British troops
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12
Q

What were 4 impacts of the war on British opinion?

A
  • First time coverage of a war
  • Unsatisfactory supply
  • Critical of commander-in-chief (Raglan)
  • Critical of military readiness
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13
Q

Give 3 features of the military that had stayed the same between the French and Crimean War(s):

A
  • Same tactics eg cavalry w/ swords
  • Identical uniform (bright red jackets)
  • Identical firearms
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14
Q

What weapon gave the British and French and edge and why?

A
  • New French Minié rifle
  • More powerful –> Minié ball inside it could inflict serious wounds
  • 3 times range of smoothbore muskets used by USSR soldiers
  • More accurate
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15
Q

Give 2 reasons why the British forces were not in a fit state to fight:

A

1) Little military experience since 1815 because there weren’t many wars after Treaty of Vienna
2) Run by military high command w/out any gov interference which allowed for complacencies
3) Decline in army budget: 1815 –> £43 million, 1840s –> £9.5 mil
4) Military administration was polycentric
5) Wealth triumphed over ability

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16
Q

What 5 problems were there with recruiting people for the army?

A
  • Death risk from more disease but also action
  • Harsh discipline
  • Horrible conditions eg overcrowded barracks
  • Low pay
  • Long service: min 21 yrs for soldiers, 24 for cavalry
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17
Q

What 2 problems were there with the expeditionary force?

A

1) Lord Raglan, head of force, had not seen any active service since 1815 and had never commanded
2) Only one of Raglan’s 5 infantry division commanders were under 60

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18
Q

Compare the British expeditionary force w/ Russian (2) and French army (3):

A

Russian army:
- they had huge numbers
- worser conditions of service
French army:
- they had much larger expeditionary force
- good organisation and supply
- younger commanders

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19
Q

Who was the French commander, what did he want and who got their way?

A
  • St Arnaud
  • Immediate march on Sebastopol where Raglan wanted to loot countryside first
  • Raglan got his way
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20
Q

Where did Allied army move on 19th Sep 1854, what were their numbers like compared to Russia and what should they have done instead?

A
  • South
  • Outnumbered 63,000 men
  • If they had attacked Sebastopol immediately
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21
Q

What were the 3 main battles of the Crimean War?

A
  • Alma
  • Balaclava
  • Inkerman
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22
Q

Where did the Russians retire to and where did the Allied forces begin attacking from?

A
  • Defensive position behind River Alma
  • French attack from the right next to the sea so they have protection from fleet’s guns
  • British attack the centre and Raglan agrees to this
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23
Q

When do the British infantry advance and why?

A
  • 20th Sep
  • France needs support (from the Light Division) crossing the reiver and capturing the Great Redoubt
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24
Q

What happens to the Light Division following the advance?

A
  • Exposed to artillery fire and infantry attack
  • They fall back
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25
Q

How many people does the battle end with?

A
  • 5700 Russians
  • 1500 British
  • Less than 1000 for French
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26
Q

In what way do Raglan and Lord Lucan disagree on the next move?

A
  • Lucan wants to pursue the Russians
  • Raglan says there is danger of a Russian attack from left
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27
Q

When do the British and French next advance and how do St Arnaud and Raglan disagree?

A
  • 23rd Sep
  • Raglan wants to attack Sebastopol immediately (better idea)
  • St Arnaud preferred a Southern attack because he feared Russian defences
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28
Q

Whose idea do they go with, where do they attack and what was Britain’s role?

A
  • Raglan agrees, as he’s very diplomatic
  • Balaclava, a small fishing village used for supplies
  • Britain had to both defend the flank from Russian attack and help lay siege to Sebastopol
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29
Q

Who are the French now led by, how do his ideas differ from Raglan’s and what did this cause?

A
  • Canrobert
  • Canrobert wants Sebastopol’s defences reduced by artillery bombardment
  • Raglan wants an assault on city
  • A delay
30
Q

How did the delay aid the Russians and give one stat to show this:

A
  • Gave them time to improve defences and attack British
  • Allies dragged 126 siege guns, whereas Russia had doubled the number of canon they had 3 weeks earlier
31
Q

When did the Russians attack the British following the delay and specifically why?

A
  • 25th October
  • Russia advances towards Balaclava
  • To cut off British off from trade at Balaclava
32
Q

4 stages of Battle of Balaclava:

A

1) Russians overrun Ottoman outposts
2) 93rd Highlanders hold Russians back from advance to Balaclava. They, at this point, need help.
3) Charge of the Heavy Brigade
4) Charge of the Light Brigade

33
Q

4 facts of the Charge of the Heavy Brigade:

A
  • 800 men led by General Scarlett
  • Only 10 men lost
  • Charged uphill
  • Russian cavalry fled after desperate fighting
34
Q

What message does Raglan send to Lucan,how does the latter respond to this and why?

A
  • Occupy ground vacated by Russians
  • Lucan declines
  • No infantry to assist him
35
Q

What second order does Raglan issue?

A
  • Stop Russians carrying away and capturing Turkish guns
  • It was his second order
36
Q

What issues were there with Raglan’s second order and its delivery?

A
  • Unclear orders
  • Lucan didn’t have Raglan’s high vantage point and hence, could not see the Ottoman guns
  • Nolan vaguely gestured where the guns were when delivering the message
37
Q

Why did Lucan agree to the order despite knowing it was against basic rules of warfare for cavalry to attack artillery unless supported by infantry/artillery?

A

It was his second order and so he felt like he could not ignore it again

38
Q

How did Cardigan order the Light Brigade to advance and why could they not be stopped even when Nolan realised they were heading towards the wrong guns?

A
  • 3 lines, facing over 50 Russian canon and 20 battalions of Russian infantry
  • Nolan died just as he was informing the others of the mistake
39
Q

Did they reach the Russian guns and what happened after this?

A
  • Yes
  • Cardigan saw Russian cavalry approaching from behind guns and so they turned back and were fired at on the way back
40
Q

How long did the whole Charge of the Light Brigade last and how many British men were killed and wounded?

A
  • 20 mins
  • 110 killed, 130 wounded (high casualties)
41
Q

Who did each Lord blame for the Charge of the Light Brigade?

A
  • Raglan and Cardigan blamed Lucan
  • Lucan blamed Raglan
  • Cardigan, however, was promoted to Inspector-General of the Cavalry
42
Q

What were 3 results of the Battle of Balaclava?

A
  • Russian attack was halted so siege of Sebastopol continued
  • Russians confine British to a narrow area between Balaclava and Sebastopol, which means they’re now vulnerable
  • By Nov, Russians build up their forces
43
Q

When did the Battle of Inkerman commence and describe the action?

A
  • 5th Nov 1854
  • Russians attacked Inkerman Ridge hidden by rain and fog
44
Q

What 2 problems were there in the Battle of Inkerman?

A
  • Difficult to coordinate
  • Small units of British infantry fought much larger numbers of Russians
45
Q

Why did the French troops arrive alongside the British and what was the result?

A
  • Looked like British outnumbered forces would be driven back
  • They arrived and helped turn the tide –> Russians retreated soon after noon
46
Q

How many casualties were there in the Battle of Inkerman and how much closer were they to capturing Sebastopol after this?

A
  • 11000 Russians
  • 2457 British
  • 880 French
  • No closer
47
Q

Who warned the Duke of Newcastle of the bad winters in the Crimea, how was this dismissed and what was it actually like?

A
  • Lord Raglan
  • Duke of Newcastle dismissed it as one of the mildest
  • Actually one of the worst winters in living memory
48
Q

Give examples of the bad weather conditions in the Crimea:

A
  • Wet weather
  • Shortage of tents and firewood
49
Q

In what 2 ways was Balaclava a poor choice of port?

A

1) Lack of organisation of arrival of supplies –> led to stocks piling up and consumables left rotting
2) Too small for both Allies to use

50
Q

What was built to counter these issues of transport?

A

Samuel Petro Railway

51
Q

Give 2 examples of the horrific medical conditions:

A
  • 47/96 cases for cholera died
  • 57/ 640 men w/ fever died
52
Q

Give Raglan’s strengths and weaknesses: (+1, -4)

A

+ Hard worker
- Did not do enough to inform gov of issues
- Did not do enough to raise morale
- Gave impression that he was unconcerned
- Too diplomatic in instances

53
Q

How much did the sick and wounded total and by the end of Jan 1855, how big is the British army?

A
  • Sick and wounded: 23,000
  • Army is only 11000 strong
54
Q

Who is Roger Fenton, who was he encouraged by and why?

A
  • Commercial photographer
  • Encouraged by Prince Albert
  • Pics may help counter negative publicity about conduct of war
55
Q

What kind of pictures did Fenton take and why (what did he exclude)?

A
  • Motionless people and landscapes due to primitive camera equipment
  • Wealthy people as subjects, as they would usually pay for photos
  • Pictures that would sell
  • Excluded certain subject matter like injuries or deaths
56
Q

How long was Fenton in the Crimea?

A

From March 1855 to June 1855

57
Q

Who was William Russell, who was he sent with to the Crimea and what was he there to witness?

A
  • Senior correspondent for Times
  • Sent with first wave of allied forces
  • Witnessed the Battle of Alma (reported the brutalities), siege of Sebastopol, Balaclava and Inkerman
58
Q

What were Russell’s opinions like and how was this shown?

A
  • Firm opinion
  • Criticised the performance of generals
59
Q

What effect did Russell’s reports have back home?

A

Stirred public conscience, playing major role in raising money for the Times’ Sick and Wounded Fund

60
Q

By late Spring, how many Allied troops were there in the Crimea?

A

175,000

61
Q

What were the three major problems Russia had?

A

1) Lack of infrastructure
2) Corrupt administration
3) Military effort was scattered to defend against potential threat against Austria

62
Q

There were still some problems, however:

A
  • Sebastopol had not yet been encircled
  • City’s defences were still strong
63
Q

What happened on 9th April 1855 and what disagreement was there?

A
  • Allies started the second great bombardment of Sebastopol
  • Raglan and Canrobert disagreed but the former compromised
64
Q

What happened on 7th June and 18th June 1855?

A

7th June:
- France captured Mamelan Fortress
- British take Quarries
18th June:
- British attack the Redan
- French attack Malakhov fortifications

65
Q

Why was it that the French are more ready to attack?

A

Canrobert was replaced by General Pelissier, who was more willing to attack

66
Q

What happens to both assaults?

A

They both fail

67
Q

When does Raglan die and who replaces him?

A
  • 28th June 1855
  • Sir James Simpson
68
Q

How was Sir James Simpson as a commander? (3)

A
  • Little military experience
  • Didn’t want the job
  • Resigned 4 months later
69
Q

What attack happens on 16th August 1855 and who won?

A
  • Russians attack across River Chernya
  • Defeated by French and Piedmontese
70
Q

What attack happened on 8th September and what happens as a result?

A
  • French captured Molokhov fortifications
  • Heavy losses
  • Russia abandons Sebastopol
71
Q

How is the fact that Russia abandons Sebastopol only a setback?

A

Russian guns are present to the north of the city so Allies couldn’t occupy it safely

British Experience of Warfare c1790 - 1918 (5 decks)

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