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Chem Challenge > The Core of Chemistry 96 pg guide > Flashcards

The Core of Chemistry 96 pg guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a theory?

A

An explanantion of some event or phenomenon that is well supported by data.

  • not facts
  • ‘may change with discovery of information
  • tested over and over with same results
  • why something occurs
  • predict results of future observations
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2
Q

What is a law?

A

A description of a natural event or phenomenon shown to occur again and again under the same conditions. A scientific law describes the observed pattern without trying to explain it.

  • accepted as true and universal
  • well supported by observations, experimentation, and data
  • can be challenged and possibly disproven although it is very rare
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3
Q

Accuracy

A

Refers to how close a measured value is to the true measurement (true value) of something

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4
Q

Precision

A

Refers to the ability to take the same measurement and get the same result over and over.

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5
Q

Weight

A

A measure of the pull of gravity between an object and the earth.

It is actually a measure of force

weight= mass x gravity

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6
Q

Weight on other planets based on 100 pounds

A
  • Mercury- 38
  • Venus- 88
  • Earth- 100
  • Mars-38
  • Jupiter- 235
  • Saturn-105
  • Uranus- 89
  • Netune- 120
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7
Q

Density

A

The amount of matter per unit of volume

  • density= mass/ volume
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8
Q

Convert oC to K

A

oC + 273.15= K

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9
Q

Convert oF to oC

A

F= (1.8 x (C)) + 32

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10
Q

Convert oC to oF

A

C= F - 32

 1.8
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11
Q

What is pressure? What is the formula?

A

The amount of force exerted on an area.

pressure= force/area

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12
Q

Force

A

The amount of push or pull on an object.

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13
Q

What are the two types of matter? Name their subcategories?

A
  1. Pure Substance
  • ​​​Compounds
  • Elements​​​​​
  1. Mixture
  • Homogeneous (soda pop, brass)
  • Heterogeneous (pizza, salad)
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14
Q

What are the properties of matter?

A
  1. Physical properties
  2. Chemical properties
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15
Q

Define: Physical Properties of Matter

A

A property of matter that can be observed without changing the substance into another substance.

E.g. density, color, boiling point, and melting point.

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16
Q

Define: Chemical Properties of Matter?

A

Determined by the ability of a substance to react with or change into another substance.

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17
Q

What is toxity?

A

The potencial of a substance to have a harmful effect on an organism. It is a chemical property because you can only determine toxicity by observing how a substance reacts with another substance.

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18
Q

Can vitamins be toxic?

A

Yes, in extremely large quantities.

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19
Q

Is toxicity related to the amount of a substance?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Which word correctly expresses that something is not flammable: Inflammable or Nonflammable?

A

Nonflammable.

Inflammable is actually a synonym for flammable.

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21
Q

What is the fire triangle? What are it’s conditions?

A

The fire triangle is made uo cerain conditions that are needed for a fire to occur.

  1. Fluel
  2. Oxygen
  3. Energy
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22
Q

Define: Crystalline solids or Crystalline structure

A

A solid made up of atoms or molecules that are organized in specific repeated patterns. (e.g. quartz, cotton candy)

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23
Q

Define: Amorphous solids

A

Solids made up of atoms or molecules that are locked into place. However, those atoms or molecules do not organize into a specific form or neat, repeating structure. (e.g. glass, wax, rubber)

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24
Q

What is Viscosity?

A

A property of liquids that describes the “thickness” of the material. It is a measure of the liquid’s resistance to flow. The less viscous a liquid is (the lower its viscosity), the more easily it flows.

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25
Q

What is surface tension?

A

A property of liquids that describes the attraction of liquid molecules at the surface. (It brings the molecules closer together at the surface.) The stronger attraction of molecules at the surface of the liquid creates a surface “film.” This film makes moving an object through the surface of a liquid more difficult than moving the object when it is completely submerged in the liquid.

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26
Q

Define: Effusion

A

The process by which gas particles flow through small holes in a container. This is why a baloon filled with helium gas will deflate over time.

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27
Q

Define: Molecular Mass

A

The mass of one molecule of a substance

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28
Q

What effect does molecular mass have on effusion?

A

Gases with a lower molecular mass effuse more quickly than gases with a higher molecular mass.

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29
Q

Define: Diffusion

This should be a review

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

30
Q

What is osmosis? Where does it occur?

*This should be a review *

A

It is the diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane. It is an important biological process because it allows water to pass in and out of cells.

31
Q

What is plasma?

A

It is a state of matter. It is an ionized gas. Some electrons in plasma atoms are free. This means they are not bound to the atom or molecule.

32
Q

Define: Physical Change

A

Any change in a substance’s form that does not change its chemical makeup.

33
Q

How can the freezing point of a liquid be lowered?

A

By adding a nonvolatile solution

34
Q

What is the difference between vaporization and evaporation?

A
  1. Vaporization is a change in state from a liquid to a gass. The two main types of vaporization are evaporation and boiling.
  2. Evaporation is a vaporization process that occurs at the ssurface of a liquid.
35
Q

Why does water vapor appear white?

A

The light scatters off of the water droplets like clouds in the atmosphere.

36
Q

How can the boiling point of a liquid be increase?

A

By adding a nonvolatile solution such as salt.

37
Q

What is the difference between Sublimation and Deposition?

A
  • Sublimation is a change of state directly from a solid to a gas.
  • Deposition is a change of state directly from a gas to a solid.
38
Q

Why do phase changes occur in matter?

A

It occurs because a substance has been given energy or energy has been taken away. One way to give a substance energy is through temperature. Another way is through pressure.

39
Q

What is Volatility?

A

It is a measure of how quickly a substance vaporizes at a certain temprature.

40
Q

Define: Chemical Change

A

A change that takes place when atoms of a substance are rearranged. The bonds between the atoms are broken or formed. When a chemical change takes place, the ending substance or substances are different from the starting substance or substances.

41
Q

What do physical and chemical changes have in common?

A

They both involve energy.

42
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to do work or produce heat.

43
Q

Ehat are the 7 FORMS of energy?

A
  1. Chemical energy
  2. Michanical energy
  3. Electrical energy
  4. Light energy
  5. Thermal/Heat energy
  6. Sound energy
  7. Nuclear energy
44
Q

What are the two measurement units of energy?

A
  1. calories
  2. Joules
45
Q

What is the relationship between matter and energy? Who discovered this?

A

Albert Einstein discovered that matter can be changed into energy and vice versa.

46
Q

What are the 2 TYPES of energy?

A
  1. Kinetic energy
    • energy of motion
  2. Potencial energy
    • ​stored energy
47
Q

What is the formula for Kinetic energy?

A

KE= mass x velocity2

2

48
Q

what is the formula for potential energy?

A

Potential energy= mass x gravity x hieght

49
Q

What is the difference between temperature and thermmal energy?

A
  • Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance.
  • Thermal energy has to do with the internal energy ofthe sbstance related to temperature.
50
Q

Define: Precipitation

A

A means of separating a component in a solution by reacting it with another substance to form a solid.

51
Q

Define: Chemical Separations

A

require some type of chemical reaction to take place.

52
Q

Define: Filtration

A

A physical separation useed to separate a mixture based on the sizes of the parts that make up the mixture.

53
Q

What are sols? Examples?

A

Colloids made of fine solid particles in a liquid or another solid.

  • Paints, muddy river water, and sewage are liquid sols.
  • Pearls, colored glass, and pigmented plastics are solid sols.
54
Q

Who presented the theory that all matter was made up of smaller, indivisible building blocks? What did he call these fundamental units of matter?

A

Democritus; atomos (meaning cannot be divided).

55
Q

What are gels?

A

consist of liquids spread throughout a solid, such as jelly, butter, and cheese.

56
Q

What is the Rutherford atomic model?

A

An atomic model that describes the atom as having a tiny, dense, positively-charged core. This core was called the nucleus. The nucleus was believed to contain nearly all of the atom’s mass. The light negative parts of the atom were called electrons. The electrons were believed to travel around the nucleus. The electrons’ movement was thought to be similar to planets revolving around the sun.

57
Q

What are foams? Examples?

A

consist of gases finely spread throughout liquids or solids.

  • Whipped Cream and soda pop foam are liquid.
  • Marshmallows and Styrofoam are solid foams.
58
Q

Name the characteristics of magnesium.

A
  • Atomic #: 12
  • grayish-white metal
  • essential for human health
    • transmit nerve impulses and cause muscles to contract
    • found in our bones ( 50% of the magnesium in the human body is found in bones).
  • Lightest industrial metal
  • density= man-made plastic
59
Q

What are aerosols? Examples?

A

colloidal suspensions of liquid or fine solid particles in a glass.

  • Fog, mists, clouds, and sprays are aerosols with liquid particles.
  • Smoke is an aerosol with solid particles.
60
Q

Name the characteristics of calcium.

A
  • Atomic #: 20
  • 5th most abundant element in the earth’s crust
  • not found naturally in its elemental form
  • essential component of leaves, bones, teeth, and shells
  • 99% of the calcium in the human body is stored in our bones and teeth.
  • component of mortar, plaster, and cement
61
Q

Characteristics of transition metals

A
  • good thermal and electrical conductivity
  • hard metals
  • very high melting points
  • moderate reativity
  • cannot be divided neatly into individual groups
    • all transition elements have similar properties
  • can use the two outermost orbitals
    • allows them to bond with many elements
  • do not always use the same number of outer electrons
62
Q

What does the oxidation number indicate?

A

It indicates the charge of the ion as a result of a loss or gain of electrons.

63
Q

What are emulsions and what are the characterists?

A
  • liquids spread throughout liquids
  • cloudy appearance
  • often unstable
64
Q

Name the characteristics of mercury.

A
  • Atomic #: 80
  • only metal element that is liquid at room temperature
  • very high surface tension
  • very good conductor of electricity but not of heat
65
Q

What is Tin?

A
  • “Stannum” means tin.
  • silvery-white highly crystalline
  • mineral casserite (Sn02)
  • 10 stable isotopes
66
Q

Characteristics of halogens

A
  • nonmetal elements
  • exist as diatomic molecules at a normal room temperature
  • highly reactive
  • not found naturally in pure form on the earth
  • only need a single electron to complete their outer enrgy level
    • often bond with alkali metals
  • includes solid, liquid, and gaseous elements
67
Q

What is a compound?

A

pure substance made up of two or mor elements joined in a defined ratio. Examples:

  • water (h20)
  • salt (NaCI)
  • glucose (C6H1206)
  • sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
68
Q

Name the characteristics of Iron

A
  • Symbol: Fe
  • Atomic #: 26
  • forms about 5.6% of the earth’s crust
  • believed to exist in small amounts in many types of stars, including our sun
  • mainly obtained from the minerals hematite and magnetite
  • strongly magnetic element
  • essential for many living things, including humans
  • oxidizes to form rust
  • alloying iron with carbon creates steel
69
Q

Name the characteristics of aragon

A
  • symbol: Ar
  • Atomic #: 18
  • colorless
  • odorless
  • gas and liquid
  • makes up 1% of the earth’s atmosphere
  • used in incandescent light bulbs
  • Aragon-40 = most abundant isotope of aragon
70
Q
A

Chem Challenge (3 decks)

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