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CPS > The consultation > Flashcards

The consultation Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the contents of the planning and explanation section of the consultation using the Calgary-Cambridge guide

A
  • Usually merge into one
  • Explanation of findings from physical exam, test results, outcome of surgery etc.
  • Planning based on this
  • Explanations along the way as decisions made are not always clear to the client
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2
Q

What should be included in the planning stage of the consultation?

A
  • Options for treatment, diagnostic tests required, prognosis
  • Utilise shared decision making
  • Return to client’s agenda and check concerns have been addressed
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3
Q

What is meant by compliance?

A

Thee owner following the recommendations you have given

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4
Q

What is concordance?

A

Making and following through shared decisions

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5
Q

What is chunking and checking?

A

Giving small pieces of information and checking after each that it has been explained clearly

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6
Q

What is signposting?

A

Signalling what has just been discussed and what will be discussed next

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7
Q

What is safety netting?

A

Give options before they are needed, meaning decisions are less of a shock to owner, and owner is aware of how to respond to different situations

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8
Q

What are the benefits of using shared decision making?

A
  • Improves compliance
  • Improves owner understanding
  • Less likely to encounter resistance if things go wrong
  • True informed consent
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9
Q

What is meant by relationship centred care?

A
  • Balance between paternalism and client autonomy

- Characterised by joint venture between vet and client to provide optimal care to the animal

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of relationship centred care?

A
  • Respect for client’s interests and perspectives
  • Elicits clients opinion
  • Recognition of client’s expertise
  • Acknowledgement of animal’s role in environment/family
  • Lifestyle and social aspects all considered i.e. farmer vs child’s pet
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11
Q

What techniques can be used in breaking bad news?

A
  • Relationship building
  • Warning shots
  • Pauses
  • Hope and reality balancing
  • Shared-decision making
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12
Q

What is meant by a warning shot?

A
  • Give some indication that bad news is about to be delivered
  • Allows client to prepare self
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13
Q

What diagnostic methods are commonly used in farm animal practice to improve reproductive performance?

A
  • Internal examination (rectal and vaginal)

- Ultrasound

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14
Q

What structures can be felt in rectal palpation of the reproductive tract of the cow?

A
  • Cervix
  • Uterus
  • Uterine horns
  • Ovaries
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15
Q

What can rectal palpation in a reproductive exam of the cow be used for?

A
  • Assessment of uterine tone to give idea of stage of cycle

- Presence/absence of follicles/CLs on ovaries

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16
Q

What structures can be examine by ultrasound in the reproductive exam of the cow?

A
  • Uterus
  • uterine horns
  • Ovaries
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17
Q

What information can be gained from ultrasound in the reproductive exam of the cow?

A
  • Presence of fluid in the uterus
  • Presence of a foetus
  • Follicles or CLs on ovaries and their size
  • Assess preganncy status
  • Uterine pathology (infection, trauma)
  • Ovarian pathology (e.g. cysts, rarely may find neoplasia)
  • Stage of oestrus cycle as an educated guess
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18
Q

Describe the tone of the bovine uterus in oestrus?

A

High one

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19
Q

What is assessed in the vaginal exam of the cow?

A
  • Vaginal mucus quantity
  • Mucus consistency
  • Presence of blood
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20
Q

What features of the history are of particular interest in a reproductive exam of the cow?

A
  • Calving dates
  • Oestrus dates
  • Treatments received
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21
Q

What are the limitations of the common diagnostic methods in large animal reproductive examination?

A
  • Easy to miss information
  • Farmer may not give full history
  • Ultrasound is only a short snapshot of a 21 day period
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22
Q

At what point in the cycle can the stage of oestrus be accurately determined in the cow and how?

A
  • 1-2 days after ovulation
  • Lots of clear mucus +/- small amounts of fresh blood
  • Increased uterine tone
  • No CLs or folllicles on ultrasound of the ovaries
  • Looks like anoestrus but with vaginal exam, know that cow has ovulated 1-2 days ago
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23
Q

Briefly describe the hormonal changes in the oestrus cycle of the cow

A
  • After ovulation, CL forms
  • Present for 15 days, progesterone high
  • Minimal greyish vaginal mucus
  • Low uterine tone
  • At end of luteal phase becomes prostaglandin sensitive
  • Luteolysis due to natural prostaglandin release
  • Now into oestrus, oestrogen rises and falls
  • Uterine tone rises and falls
  • At beginning mucus is increasing, at ovulation have copious clear mucus
  • High GnRH leads to LH surge, leading to ovulation
  • After ovulation CL begins to form
  • Mucus decreases and is often blood stained, no large follicles found
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24
Q

What drugs are mainly used in the management of reproductive performance of cows?

A
  • Prostaglandin
  • Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
  • Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal Device (PRID) or Controlled internal Drug Release (CIDR)
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25
Q

Outline the importance of considering the cow as part of the herd

A
  • Individual cow may act as indicator of wider problems/health
  • E.g. more cows thinner than usual suggests herd wide nutritional problem
  • Easy for farmer to miss if was a gradual herd wide change as cows wouldn’t stand out
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26
Q

Outline the role of prostaglandin (e.g. Estrumate) in reproductive management of the cow

A
  • Causes luteolysis
  • Progesterone production turned off
  • Enters oestrus 3-4 days after administeration (80% of cows enter within 2-7 days)
  • Decreases P4
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27
Q

Outline the role of GnRH (e.g. Receptal) in reproductive management of the cow

A
  • Causes large release of LH
  • Much larger than physioogical dose, little effect on FSH
  • If follicle near ovulation then will ovulate, if not then will not ovulate but will luteinise and form CL
  • New luteal tissue formed
  • Progesterone productin increases
  • i.e. Role is to increase P4
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28
Q

Outline the role of PRIDs or CIDRs in the reproductive management of the cow

A
  • Slow release of progesterone over 7-11 days
  • Effectively acts as temporary removable CL
  • Removal mimics luteolysis
  • If no other luteal tissue is present, removal results in cow coming into oestrus 2-4 days later
  • Role is to decrease P4
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29
Q

Describe the basic information needed o assess reproductive performance in an individual cow

A
  • Health assessment
  • Locomotion score
  • BCS
  • Conformation (body, udder)
  • Vaginal discharge
  • Bulling signs
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30
Q

Describe the type of history that is likely to be given by a farmer with regards to a cow presented for reproductive examination

A
  • Exception reporting i.e. will only give unusual information
  • Gives reason for presentation e.g. not seen bulling
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31
Q

What can be inferred from a history of “not seen bulling”?

A
  • Normal cow
  • No calving problems
  • No retained foetal membrane
  • No vaginal discharge
  • More than VWP days have passed
  • Oestrus not observed
  • Cow has not been served
  • Cow is not run with a bull
  • i.e. this cow is normal, should have been observed in oestrus but has not
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32
Q

What is the main purpose of pregnancy diagnosis in cows?

A

Identification of cows that are not pregnant when they would be expected to be

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33
Q

What history can be inferred from a cow presented for pregnancy diagnosis?

A
  • Cow is normal, healthy and milking ok
  • Cow has been inseminated
  • Falls into PD window for this farm
  • Has not been seen bulling since service
  • No vaginal discharges seen
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34
Q

Where uterine infection is suspected, what information is required?

A
  • Days since calving
  • Nature of discharge
  • General state of cow i.e. is she ill?
  • CL present?
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35
Q

Describe metritis

A
  • Whole uterus inflamed and infected
  • Occurs straight after calving
  • Cow sick
  • Serious medical condition
  • Risk of death
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36
Q

Describe endometritis

A
  • aka whites
  • Only lining affected
  • Some vaginal discharge ranging from almost normal to normal with some yellow spots to completely yellow to worst case scenario of bad smell and blood present
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37
Q

Describe pyometra in the cow

A
  • No discharge found on vaginal examination
  • Scanning of uterus indicates it is full of pus
  • Closed cervix i.e. closed pyometra
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38
Q

What is indicated by a persistent CL?

A
  • No PG production from the endometrium

- If endometrium is damaged, then PG will not be produced and luteal phase will continue

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39
Q

What is the significance of a persistent CL for uterine infection?

A
  • High progesterone, low uterine tone
  • Uterus not cleaning itself so infection will not be removed
  • Infection is likely to clear when cow comes into oestrus, especially if it is an endometritis
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40
Q

Why is oestrus beneficial for the clearing of infection?

A
  • Cervix open
  • Uterine tone increased and pushing out material
  • Mucus production high which flushes the uterus
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41
Q

What actions can be taken following a PD exam in the cow?

A
  • PD+ve: no action or abort if inappropriate pregnancy

- PD-ve: reassess as not seen bulling cow

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42
Q

How can uterine infections be treated in the cow?

A
  • In sick cows: use parenteral antibiotics
  • In cows with white and no CL: intrauterine antibiotics
  • In cows with whites and a CL present: prostaglandin to bring into oestrus
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43
Q

Describe the OvSynch protocol

A
  • GnRH at day 0
  • PG at day 7 of protocol
  • GnRH at day 9 of protocol
  • AI 12-16 hours later
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44
Q

Describe the PG synchronisation protocol used in cows

A
  • PG at day 0
  • PG at day 11-14
  • AI 2-4 days after second PG
45
Q

How soon after treatment with GnRH is ovulation induced?

A

Within 24 hours

46
Q

When should GnRH be administered in relation to AI/servicing of a cow?

A

Either at time of AI or service, or 6-8hours before

47
Q

What are some important factors when considering a dog as a new pet?

A
  • Select breed to suit lifestyle
  • Space available and activity levels
  • Potential allergies
  • Inevitable additional costs (insurance, food, worming etc)
  • Experience of teh owner
  • Other animals, young children
48
Q

What are some important factors when considering a cat as a new pet?

A
  • Home location (busy road?)
  • Other animals in the home
  • Risk of zoonoses, particularly to pregnant women
  • Allergy
  • Children
  • Obligate carnivores
49
Q

What are some important factors when considering a rabbit as a new pet?

A
  • Should be kept in pairs
  • Need sufficient space
  • Nutritional requirements important
  • More complicated and time consuming than may appear
  • Presence of wildlife and predators
  • Inappropriate pets for children
50
Q

What are some important factors when considering a horse/pony as a new pet?

A
  • Land
  • Finances
  • Time, experience of owner
  • Support
  • Purpose (e.g. competition or teaching)
51
Q

What are some important factors when considering a guinea pig as a new pet?

A
  • Good for children
  • Need regular handling
  • Nutritional needs need careful consideration
  • Need to secure against wildlife and predators
52
Q

What are some important factors when considering chickens as new pets?

A
  • Regular careful handling
  • Protection from wildlife
  • Space available
  • Risk of zoonoses
  • May have restrictions re cockerels in urban areas
53
Q

What are some important factors when considering snakes/other reptiles as new pets?

A
  • High risk of zoonoses e.g. Salmonella
  • Feeding of mice may not be comfortable with some
  • Strict environmental and nutritional needs
  • Expensive
54
Q

What are some important factors when considering hamsters as new pets?

A
  • Breed depending may need to be alone or in a pair
  • Prone to biting
  • Nocturnal
  • Nutritional needs
  • Careful handling
55
Q

Describe the role of physiotherapists

A
  • Help individuals affected by injury, illness or disability through movement and exercise, manual therapy, education and advice
  • Manage pain and prevent disease
  • Encourage development and facilitate recovery
56
Q

What are the regulations surrounding physiotherapists?

A
  • No regulatory body
  • Can become Chartered Physiotherapists
  • Do not diagnose conditions, should always seek permission from animal’s vet before starting a treatment
  • Report to vet after treatment
57
Q

Describe the role and regulations for osteopaths

A
  • Title protected by law
  • Use touch, physical manipulation, stretching and massage to increase mobility of joints, relieve muscle tension, enhance blood and nerve supply to tissues and help body’s own healing mechanisms
  • May aid recovery and prevent symptoms recurring
58
Q

Describe the role of chiropracters

A
  • Treat, manage and prevent disorders of MSK system and effects these can have on nervous system and general health
  • Mainly spine and neck
  • reduce pain, improve function, increase mobility using hands-on manipulation of the spine or other areas of the body that are not moving properly
  • May use ice, heat, ultrasound, exercises, acupuncture
59
Q

What are the regulations with regards to farriers?

A
  • Must be registered in accordance with Farriers (Registratio) Acts 1975 and 1977 (Farriers Registration Council)
  • Not exempt from restrictions in Veterinary Surgeons Act 1966
  • Must not normally penetrate sensitive structures, cause unnatural stress to the animal, make a diagnosis or administer drugs
60
Q

What does farriery consist of?

A
  • Trimming and balancing equine hoof prior to and for the fitting of conventional or surgical shoes
  • Where vet requires particular work from a farrier this should be specified in personal contact between them
61
Q

Describe the Farriers registration Council

A
  • Corporate body established under Farriers (Registration) act 1975
  • Aim is prevention and avoidance of suffering by equines through ensuring equine owners are able to access equine hoof-care that best meets their needs in a timely and assured manner
  • Delivered only by those capable and qualified to do so
62
Q

Who is legally allowed to carry out hoof trimming, balancing and fitting of conventional or surgical shoes to a horse?

A
  • Vets
  • Vet students under supervision
  • Registered farriers-
  • Farriery apprentices under supervision
63
Q

What are equine dental technicians allowed to do?

A
  • Remove deciduous caps
  • give advice about oral health
  • Rasp sharp enamel points
  • Extract digitally loose teeth
  • Seat the bit
  • remove non-displaced erupted wolf teeth
64
Q

What are equine dental technicians not allowed to do?

A
  • Extract teeth with vial periodontal attachments
  • Remove non-erupted, displaced or molarised wolf teeth
  • Incise or elevate gingiva, mucosa or any viable animal tissue
  • Perform surgical procedures within the oral cavity
  • Sedate horses
65
Q

What are the regulations around homeopathy in veterinary practice?

A
  • Can nly be administered by veterinary surgeons
  • Illegal in terms of Veterinary Surgeons ACt 1966 for lay practitioners, even if qualified in human field, to treat animals
  • Vets need to be trained in its application
  • Heavily regulated by the RCVS
66
Q

What are the regulations regarding faith healers for veterinary purposes?

A

Must not treat animals without prior permission of a veterinary surgeon

67
Q

Who should clients be referred to for training and behaviour support in dogs?

A
  • Those that are members of recognised organisations
  • e.g. Association of Pet Behaviour Counsellors (APBC)
  • Association of Pet Dog Trainers (APDT)
  • The Canine Behaviour and Training Society
  • Puppy School
  • Professional Association of Canine Trainers (PACT)
  • International Association of Animal Behaviour Consultants (IAABC)
  • Karen Pryor Academy
  • Dog Knows
68
Q

Outline some of the requirements when referring a client to a behaviour specialist

A
  • Referral slip from vet
  • Referral may be for diagnosis, procedure and/or possible treatment, after which the case is returned to the vet
  • Are not required to provide clinical records to the APBC member
  • Diet should not be manipulated before communication with the referring vet
69
Q

When might referral to a canine behaviour specialist be indicated?

A
  • Prevention better than cure
  • Some behaviours require expert attention e.g. aggression, house soiling, multi-pet households, fears and phobias, geriatric pets with cognitive dysfunction, separation related problems
70
Q

Describe the roles and regulations around AI technicians

A
  • Work with farmer to ensure best quality semen used for insemination at the correct time
  • Is not an act of veterinary surgery but must be certified by DEFRA
71
Q

Describe the roles and regulations around sheep scanners

A
  • Scan entire flock to identify numbers of each lambs in each eye and improve management
  • Is not an act of veterinary surgery and not regulated by the RCVS
72
Q

Describe the roles and regulations around Foot trimmers

A
  • Improve foot health of sheep and cattle
  • Not considered an act of surgery as long as there is no diagnosis and horn is simply removed
  • There is a National Association of Cattle Foot Trimmers who exist to help encourage registration and regulation, but hold no jurisdiction over non-members
73
Q

Who owns clinical records and radiographs?

A
  • Clinical records owned by veterinary surgeon
  • Radiographs on film are property of the practice
  • Can make copies when requested by the client
74
Q

Who can access the clinical records for a patient?

A
  • Owner, vet and vet nurses

- However does not include records which relate to the same animal but a different client

75
Q

What information must be included in the clinical records?

A
  • Details of examination
  • Treatment administered
  • Procedures undertaken
  • Medication prescribed/supplied
  • Results of tests
  • Provisional/confirmed diagnoses
  • Advice to owner
  • Plans for future treatment/investigations, follow-up care
  • Notes of telephone conversations
  • Fee estimates/quotations
  • Consent given/withheld
  • Contact details
  • Recommendations/discussion about referral or re-direction
  • Factual, no personal observations or assumptions
  • Identity of peron recording
76
Q

What are the guidelines for adding to clinical records at a later time?

A

Can add corrections or additional thoughts, but note these alongside the relevant entry and give date and person adding/correcting

77
Q

What is the SOAP format of clinical records?

A
  • Subjective observations e.g. bright, responsive, alert
  • Objective observations: e.g. defecation/urination normal, presence of pea-sized lump attached to abdomen, drinking/eating normally, resp rate 40 etc
  • Assessment e.g. patient clinically normal with small mass requiring removal, may require histopathology of mass
  • Plan: e.g. discussed options and owner elected to remove mass, GA booked for tomorrow
78
Q

What are the regulations for giving consent for a procedure?

A
  • Under 18 generally considered to lack capacity to make binding contracts, should not be made liable for veterinary or associated fees
  • Under 16 should not be asked to sign consent form
  • Where person seeking veterinary services is 16/17, vet should depending on extent of treatment, costs, welfare of animal, consider whether consent should be sought from parent or guardian before work is undertake
79
Q

Explain what is meant by informed consent

A
  • Can only be given by client who has had the opportunity to consider the options for treatment, and had the significance and risks explained to them
  • Includes discussion of cost
  • Must be notified if procedure if procedure may be carried out by a veterinary student, listed veterinary nurse or other member of support staff
80
Q

What are the regulations regarding veterinary nurses and the induction of anaesthesia?

A
  • Can administer medication under vet’s direction
  • In induction, only permitted where is by a set dose prescribed by vet, rather than dosing to effect as this requires a decision to be made while inducing the anaesthesia
  • VNs may undertake Schedule 3 procedures, depending on vet’s assessment of competency, risks and difficulty of the procedure
81
Q

Describe what can be felt in the bovine gravid uterus at 4-6 weeks

A
  • Embryonic vesicle grape sized
  • No enlargement of horn
  • “membrane slip” from ~5 weeks
  • Presence of mature CL but not always on same side as pregnancy, may also be present in non-pregnant animals
  • Diagnosis only possible by experienced clinicians at this stage
82
Q

When can pregnancy be diagnosed on rectal palpation in the cow?

A
  • 5 weeks if experienced
  • 6 weeks as standard
  • 8 weeks or less at graduation
83
Q

What is “membrane slip” in cows?

A
  • If non-pregnant horn gently pinched between thumb and forefinger, wall simply squeezes away between them
  • If pregnant horn gently pinched, then chorioallantoic membrane “slips” away just before the wall
  • Risk of damage to foetus and causing abortion
84
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of a cow at 6 weeks

A
  • First signs of uterine horn enlargement on side of pregnancy
  • Embryonic vesicle grape sized
  • Slight turgid/fluid feel to the uterine horn on gravid side
  • Membrane slip
  • Mature CL
85
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of a cow at 8 weeks

A
  • Obvious increase in size of pregnant horn (thickness of a cucumber)
  • First signs of increase in size of non-pregnant horn
  • Embryonic vesicle plum sized (7 weeks), tennis ball at 8 weeks
  • Turgid/fluid feeling to uterine horns
86
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of a cow at 10 weeks

A
  • Obvious increase in size of pregnant horn (thickness of marrow)
  • Obvious increase in size in non-pregnant horn
  • Embryonic vesicle tennis ball sized
  • Turgid/fluid feel to uterine horns
87
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of a cow at 12 weeks

A
  • Both horns grossly distended, turgid, fluid filled
  • Embryonic vesicle no longer palpable due to the degree of distension
  • May be possible to ballot foetus
  • Placentomes palpable
  • Uterus may have fallen over pelvic brim
88
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of the cow from 14weeks to 3.5 months

A
  • Definitive diagnosis difficult, little to feel
  • Uterus over pelvic brim and difficult to reach, too heavy to draw back into pelvis
  • Placentomes may be papable
  • Sometimes possible to ballot foetus
89
Q

Describe what additional features can be felt in the gravid uterus of the cow at 5 months

A
  • Fremitus, middle uterine artery
  • Located laterally at the level of the pelvic brim
  • Artery increases in size due to supply to pelvis and has unique vibrating quality
90
Q

Describe what additional feature can be felt in the gravid uterus of the cow at 6 months

A
  • Bilateral fremitus
  • Uterus begins to expand back towards and into pelvis making placentomes easier to identify
  • Accurate staging of pregnancy difficult
91
Q

Describe what can be felt in the gravid uterus of the cow at 7 months

A
  • Bilateral fremitus obvious
  • Uterus continues to expand back towards and into pelvis, making placentomes and foetus easier to identify
  • Can be palpated to judge size
  • Accurate staging of pregnancy difficult
92
Q

Outline some factors that may cause problems for the diagnosis of pregnancy on palpation

A
  • Failure to identify positive signs of pregnancy
  • Delayed involution causing disparity in horn size
  • Pyometra
  • Mucometra
  • Subsequent prenatal death
  • Incorrect service date
93
Q

What are the advantages of ultrasonography in the pregnancy diagnosis of cows?

A
  • Increased accuracy of PD
  • Earlier definitive diagnosis
  • Identification of whether or not foetus is alive
  • More accurate determination of stage of pregnancy
  • Better identification of ovarian structures
  • Client can see conceptus
94
Q

What are the disadvantages of ultrasonography in the pregnancy diagnosis of cows?

A
  • Expensive equipment
  • Need power and suitable viewing conditions
  • Increased risk of rectal damage with probe head
  • Takes practice to master
95
Q

What is the purpose of vaginal examination of the cow?

A
  • Post natal check
  • Check for endoemtritis
  • Check for vaginal/cervical trauma
96
Q

Outline the preparation for vaginal examination on the cow

A
  • Use clean glove for every examination
  • Apply lubricant to examination hand and distribute
  • Grasp tail with non-examining hand, place on examination arm
  • Clean vulva with paper towel
97
Q

Outline the procedure for the vaginal examination on the cow

A
  • Visually appraise vulva for signs of injury or disease
  • Apply lubricant, cone fingers, tuck thumb
  • Face palm laterally, introduce hand, rotate palm down just after knuckle
  • Palpate wall for signs of injury
  • Assess degree of dilation of external os of cervix using tip of first finger
  • Scoop fluid in front of cervix
  • Gently rotate hand as exit the vagina so retain any fluid in the palm of your hand
  • Examine fluid in palm and glove and assess volume, colour, consistency, smell
98
Q

Describe the procedure for rectal examination of the cow

A
  • Lubricate hand, raise tail with other hand to one side, stand sideways to cow
  • Wipe lubricant from hand onto anus
  • Cone fingers and tuck thumb into cone
  • Reach hand into anus using body weight
  • Open hand once anus around wrist, feel pelvic floor with fingers
  • Run forward until identify pelvic brim
  • Run hand along pelvic floor/pelvic brim until identify cervix
  • Grasp cervix, move to midline of pelvis
  • Move forward to body of uterus then to individual horn
  • Use index finger and thumb to palpate forward entire length of horn,first over ventral curve then laterally to its tip
  • Assess dimensions and quality
  • Find ovary, fallopian tube normally difficult to palpate, may need to flip ovary out of bursa
  • Assess structures on ovary
  • Reverse to cervix
  • Repeat on opposite side, may need to turn hand over or flick end of horn forward to reach end
99
Q

Describe how to conduct a basic ultrasonic examination of the reproductive tract of the cow

A
  • Commoly from 28 days
  • Use real time B-mode with linear array transuducer probe, 5-7MHz
  • Perform manual palpation then tuck probe into palm of hand at centre of cone
  • Turn hand through 90degrees and scan uterus in cross section
100
Q

Outline the first feature that can be used to diagnose pregnancy in the cow on ultrasound

A
  • Yolk sac
  • Appears anechoic on ultrasound
  • Detection of fluid anywhere in uterus may be indicative of pregnancy but there are other causes of free uterine fluid (in pregnancy, fluid contained within allantochorion)
101
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy at rectal palpation from day 30 to day 60 in the cow?

A
  • Membrane slip

- Amniotic vesicle

102
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at day 75 in the cow?

A
  • Membrane slip
  • Amniotic vesicle
  • Placentomes
103
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at day 90 in the cow?

A
  • Membrane slip
  • Foetus
  • Placentomes
104
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at day 105 to 4 months in the cow?

A
  • Foetus
  • Placentomes
  • Ipsilateral fremitus of middle uterine artery
105
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at 5 months in the cow?

A
  • Foetus
  • Placentomes
  • Bilateral fremitus of middle uterine artery
106
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at 6 months in the cow?

A
  • Placentomes

- Bilateral fremitus of middle uterine artery

107
Q

What are the positive signs of pregnancy on rectal palpation at 7 months in the cow?

A
  • Foetus
  • Placentomes
  • Bilateral fremitus of middle uterine artery
108
Q

When can the chorion be detected on ultrasonographic examination of the cow?

A

After identification of the yolk sac, approx 25 days after ovulation

109
Q

What can be identified using ultrasonography in the pregnant cow between 4-6 weeks?

A

Yolk sac with small conceptus

- Can identify embryonic heart beat confirming that pregnancy is currently viable

CPS (13 decks)

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