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Russian History-Dissent&Revolution, 1917 > The Condition Of Russia Before The Revilution Of February/march 1917 > Flashcards

The Condition Of Russia Before The Revilution Of February/march 1917 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was the autocratic Emperor of russia in 1917 ? At what age did he inherit the throne and at what age?

A

Tsar Nicholas ||
1894
Age 26

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2
Q

What happened in 1904-05 which brought strikes ?

A

Russia was defeated against Japan

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3
Q

When was the Romanov Tercentenary ?

A

1913

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4
Q

How did Grigorii Rasputin damage the Tsars reputation?

A

He was known for womanising and drunkenness and he was given many favours as well as interfering in government appointments

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5
Q

What is meant by pan-Slavism

A

A belief that Slav races should be united - and look to Russia as the supreme Slav country for leadership

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6
Q

What happened in August 1914 which dampened national solidarity ?

A

In the battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia , 300,000 were left dead or wounded - thousands taken prisoner

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7
Q

What were the changes in ministers between 1915-16 under Rasputins political interference?

A

4 prime ministers
3 foreign secretaries
3 ministers of defence
6 interior ministers

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8
Q

In which year did the Tsar decide to become commander in chief of the army and navy during the war?

A

September 1915 after defeats in Galicia

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9
Q

How many workers went on strike in Moscow and Petrograd in January 1917?

A

30,000 in Moscow and 145,000 in Petrograd

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10
Q

Why was the Tsar not suited to his role?

A

as he found the details of intricate political affairs boring

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11
Q

Shortly after coming to power what did the Tsar dismiss zemstvo petitions for?

A

an elected National Assembly

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12
Q

What 3 factors contributed to weaken political authority in Russia but 1917?

A
  • his reluctance to innovate government
  • perpetual problems of state finance
  • overlapping institutions
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13
Q

Who was the Tsars wife?

A

Tsarina, Alexandra a German princess

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14
Q

Who introduced the Tsar to Rasputin?

A

his wife, the Tsarina

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15
Q

Why did Rasputin come into the Tsar’s favour?

A

as he was able to ease the pain of their only son who suffered from haemophilia

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16
Q

How did Rasputins influence over the Tsar extend?

A

it extended into government

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17
Q

Who did Rasputin damage the Tsar’s reputation with? (4)

A

the autocracy, politicians, civil servants Orthodox bishops and army officers

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18
Q

What brought out WW1

A

the assassination go the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a young Slav

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19
Q

Why did Russia identify with the Balkan state of Serbia?

A

as it was a fellow Slav nation and Russia had ambitiions to dominate the Balkan area

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20
Q

When did the Tsar mobilise armies in support of Serbia?

A

July 1914

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21
Q

Who did the Austro-Hungarian Emperor hold responsible for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?

A

the Serb government

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22
Q

Why did the Duma dissolve itself after the beginning of war with Germany?

A

as it did not want to burden the country with ‘unnecessary politics’ in war time

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23
Q

what was the Russian steamroller as named by the Germans?

A

the mass of men Russia had to offer

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24
Q

How many men were left dead or wounded after the Battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia in August 1914?

A

300,000

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25
Q

Where was the Battle of Tannenburg in East Prussia in August 1914?

A

East Prussia

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26
Q

Where did Russia face a defeat in September 1914 which forced the Russian army into a temporary retreat from East Prussia?

A

the Masurian Lakes

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27
Q

What month in 1914 did Russia face a defeat at the Masurian Lakes which forced the Russian army into a temporary retreat from East Prussia?

A

September

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28
Q

How many men did the Russian government mobilise between 1914-1917?

A

12 million

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29
Q

Who were the main sources of the 12 million who the Russian government mobilised between 1914-1917?

A

mainly conscript peasants

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30
Q

What were men sent to fight without?

A

without suitable weaponry
without basic warm clothing
without water proof footwear

31
Q

in 1914 how many rifles did the infantry have for every 3 soldiers?

A

the infantry had 2 rifles for every 3 soldiers

32
Q

In 1915 it was not unusual for the Russian artillery to have how many shells per day?

A

2-3

33
Q

What was the Brusilov offence?

A

a Russian attempt to push westwards from the Ukraine and break through the Austro-Hungarian lines in June 1916

34
Q

When was the Brusilov offence which was a Russian attempt to push westwards from the Ukraine and break through the Austro-Hungarian lines?

A

June 1916

35
Q

What led Russia to have a fall in morale?(3)

A
  • the loss of experienced officers
  • continuing heavy casualties
  • deteriorating economic and political situation
36
Q

How many dissections were there in 1916?

A

1.5 million

37
Q

In what year was Russia able to manufacture more shells than Germany?

A

1916

38
Q

Although low morale was high, how long was the Russian army able to tie down the Germans on the Eastern Front?

A

3 years

39
Q

What did the Zemstva establish?

A

a Union of Zemstva

40
Q

What was the Union of Zemstva?

A

this provided medical facilities which the state seemed to neglect

41
Q

What did factory owners and businessmen set up?

A

a Congress of Representatives of Industry and Business

42
Q

Why did factory owners and business men set up a Congress of Representatives of Industry and Business?

A

to help coordinate production

43
Q

In June 1915 who joined together to form the Zemgor, the All Russian Union of Zemstva and Cities?

A

the zemstva and municipal dumas

44
Q

Who chaired the Zemgor?

A

prince Lvov

45
Q

What happened to the Zemgor?

A

the tsar shunned it and so it became a focus for liberal discontent

46
Q

What did the Progressive bloc demand?

A

that the Tsar change his ministers and establish a ‘government of public confidence’

47
Q

Who made up the Progressive bloc?

A

the 4th duma

48
Q

When were there defeats in Galicia?

A

September 1915

49
Q

Which defeat in September 1915 led the Tsar to the decision to become Commander in Chief of the Russian Army?

A

the defeats in Galicia

50
Q

How was the Tsar’s’ decision to become Commander in Chief of the Russian Army a bad decision?

A

as this made him appear more responsible for the disasters which befell the troops and the state

51
Q

What was the Tsarina accused of ?

A

of sabotaging the Russian war effort as a German spy

52
Q

Rasputin was the reason for what was known as ‘ministerial leapfrog’ how many changes did he make in 1915-1916?

A
  • 4 PM’s
  • 3 Foreign Secretary’s
  • 3 Ministers of Defence
  • 6 Interior Ministers
53
Q

Who was President of the 4th Duma?

A

Rodzianko

54
Q

How did the government pay for the war?

A

through war credits (raising taxes) and raised huge load from home and abroad

55
Q

What produced massive inflation?

A

the damage to industrial and grain exports by the war

56
Q

by what year was money virtually worthless?

A

1917

57
Q

What did the millions of conscripted men into the Russian armies lead to?

A

a shortage of men in the countryside

58
Q

Why did supplies of food to the towns fall? (3)

A

due to the shortage of workers in the fields
inadequacy of the transport systems which were dominated to feed the front line
peasants hoarding food

59
Q

What brought Russian trade to a stand still?

A

-naval blockades of the Baltic and Black Sea ports

60
Q

What happened to railway locomotive production between 1913-1916?

A

it halved

61
Q

Why did unemployment soar in Petrograd and Moscow?

A

as non-military factories were deprived of vital supplies and forced to close

62
Q

What % increase was there in the cost of living?

A

a 300% increase

63
Q

When did 30,000 workers in Petrograd and 145,000 workers in Moscow go on strike?

A

in January 1917

64
Q

How many workers in Petrograd and Moscow went on Strike in January 1917?

A

Petrograd-30,000

Moscow-145,000

65
Q

Why did most ordinary men and women who were still patriotic at heart and who claimed love for their Tsar turn against them?

A

as their struggle to survive increased their indifference to the fate of their rulers

66
Q

In the winter of 1916-1917 what did temperatures fall to?

A

35 degrees below zero

67
Q

In the winter of what year did temperatures fall 35 degrees below zero?

A

1916-1917

68
Q

Which founder of the Progressive Bloc met with senior officers in 1916 to discuss a possible coup to force the abdication of the Tsar?

A

Guchkov

69
Q

What did Guchkov, one of the founders of the Progressive Bloc, do in 1916?

A

he met with senior officers to discuss a possible coup to force the abdication of the tsar

70
Q

Between 1914-1917 what was the amount (increase) of government spending on the war?

A

from 4 million roubles to 30 million roubles

71
Q

What was the gold standard?

A

The rouble had a fixed gold content giving it strength when exchanged with other currencies

72
Q

Why was the gold standard abandoned in the war?

A

in order for the government to put more banknotes into circulation which enabled wages to be paid but had the effect of making money virtually worthless

73
Q

What happened to the amount of wages in comparison to the price of food 1914-1917?

A

wages doubles

food prices quadrupled

Russian History-Dissent&Revolution, 1917 (3 decks)

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