Pre 1914

Question 1

What percentage of the population were peasants?

Answer 1

82%

Question 2

Between 1815-1914 what did the population increase by?

Answer 2

40 million to 165 million

Question 3

What percentage of the population worked in factories at the outbreak of ww1 ?

Answer 3

2% (2.5 million)

Question 4

What percentage of land is suitable for farming?

Answer 4

10%

Question 5

What was still a criminal offence by 1885?

Answer 5

To oppose the Tsar and his government

Question 6

How many people did the average St.Petersburg apartment house in 1904? &how many people had running water?

Answer 6

16 people

1/3 of houses

Question 7

from 1885 what was the percentage of military spending?

Answer 7

never less than 50%

Question 8

Emancipation of the serfs?

Answer 8

1861

Question 9

Who initiated the Trans-Siberian railway to link Russia to the far east?

Answer 9

Witte, Minister of finance.

Question 10

By 1905 what fraction of Russian railways were owned by the government?

Answer 10

2/3

Question 11

When did the trans-siberian railway begin?

Answer 11

1860 and still not complete by 1914

Question 12

How much did Witte increase foreign investment?

Answer 12

From 98 million roubles in 1880 to 911 million roubles in 1900.

Question 13

How did the support of the Orthodox Church secure the Tsarist regime?

Answer 13

Used its spiritual authority to teach people to be obedient to the Tsar as Gods anointed.

Question 14

What did the Fundamental Laws of January 1906 state?

Answer 14

• Supreme autocratic power belongs to the emperor of all Russia
• No law can come into force without his consent.

Question 15

What did the denial of free speech lead too before Nicholas 11 ?

Answer 15

Alexander 11 was blown up in a bomb by a terrorist group called ,’The peoples will’

Question 16

How did Stolypin try to alleviate peasantry discontent?

Answer 16

• abolition of redemption dues (mortgages scrapped)

- extension of credit through the Peasant Land Bank

Question 17

How were’ Kulaks’ formed?

Answer 17

Stolypin wanted to create a group of peasant proprietors with an invested interest in maintaining the regime who would hold their revolutionary neighbours in check.

Question 18

When did Stolypin make 6 million hectares of state and crown land available for peasant purchase?

Answer 18

August 1906

Question 19

What happened in October 1906?

Answer 19

all restrictions on peasant movement was removed

Question 20

When was Stolypins land law officialised?

Answer 20

9th November 1906

Question 21

What were the limits of Stolypins reforms?

Answer 21

• required 20 years to complete, only operated for 9 and after his death in 1911 it wasn’t given priority
• Peasants opposed the legislature and believed in the commune
• Many feared the hostility of those who remained in the commune.

Question 22

How far did Stolypins Land Law’s reform the peasantry in 5 years?

Answer 22

In 5 years only 15% of peasants left the commune

Question 23

How much did the population increase between 1900 and 1910?

Answer 23

132.9 to 160.7 million (21%) the fastest growth rate in Europe

Question 24

How did Stolypin try to alleviate the situation of increasing population growth?

Answer 24

Encouraged peasants to migrate to less densely populated areas such as Siberia. This only dealt with 10% of the population increase.

Question 25

How much did crop yields go up between 1861-1910?

Answer 25

50% due to new land, new crops and new rotation

Question 26

What were peasants angry about?

Answer 26

Noble ownership, they called for its abolition

Question 27

When was the Moscow rising?

Answer 27

1905, tsar won against strikers

Question 28

how many workers were in unions by 1913 compared to that in 1907?

Answer 28

40,000 in 1913 as opposed to 300,000 in 1907

Question 29

How were the working class recognised in terms of the government?

Answer 29

Many left-wing parties remained illegal and only 13 out of 413 deputies served their interest in the Duma

Question 30

What did the 6% per annum industrial growth between 1907-1914 lead to?

Answer 30

A strain on public services, this led to Lena Goldfields 1912, 200 killed and 400 injured

Question 31

Why was there an increase in individual wealth in the middle class?

Answer 31

A need for more ‘white collar’ jobs such as lawyers doctors, clerks, managers etc

Question 32

Which political parties represented the middle class?

Answer 32

(liberals) Kadets, Octobrists, Progressives

Question 33

How were the middle class divided?

Answer 33

Ethnically, economically , regionally, culturally

Question 34

By 1913 economic growth was up. How?

Answer 34

Value of exports exceeded value of imports and thereby the value of revenue exceeded expenditure leading to an increase in gold reserves and a decrease in national debt

Question 35

How did Stolypin change the electoral law?Why?

Answer 35

Only people who owned property could vote. So he had a co-operation between the government and the representatives of the educated elite to strengthen his authority.

Question 36

What bill in 1911 by Stolypin was rejected?

Answer 36

To establish a zemstva in western provinces (poland) . Rejected by State council and the Tsar

Question 37

what was article 87?

Answer 37

This allowed the Tsar to create an law without consent or discussion with the duma.