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AS History - Russia > The Collapse Of The Russian Empire 1894-1917 > Flashcards

The Collapse Of The Russian Empire 1894-1917 Flashcards

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1
Q

When were the fundamental laws introduced?

A

April 1906

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2
Q

What did article 87 of the laws allow the tsar to do?

A

Have the right in “exceptional circumstances” to pass his own laws without consulting the Duma

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3
Q

What is the state council?

A

Half members chosen by tsar
Equal power to Duma
Both chambers have to agree for all decisions to be passed

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4
Q

How much power did the Duma really have?

A

Little real power and limited ability to enact laws

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5
Q

What did the fundamental laws do to the liberals?

A

Dismayed them

Had hoped for universal secret and equal election but instead got complicated system weighted towards upper classes

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6
Q

In what way was the electorate system weighted towards the upper class?

A

2000 landowners represented by one deputy

90 000 workers represented by one deputy

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7
Q

When was Stolypin appointed president of the council of ministers?

A

July 1906

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8
Q

When were the first elections of the Duma held?

A

Beginning of 1906

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9
Q

What did people have of the Duma?

A

High expectations

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10
Q

When was the first Duma?

A

April 1906

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11
Q

Who are the kadets?

A

Constitutional democrats supported by the liberal intelligentsia and led by Paul milyukov

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12
Q

What did the kadets want?

A 
Democratically elected assembly 
Universal suffrage 
Full civil rights for all citizens 
End of censorship
Recognition of trade unions and free education
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13
Q

What did the kadets call themselves?

A

The party of popular freedom

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14
Q

Who are the trudoviks?

A

Loose grouping consisting mainly of deputies whose main aim was agrarian reform

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15
Q

Who are the rightists?

A

Lose collection of groups on the right with a wide ranging set of views

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16
Q

What did the octobrists want?

A

A new legal order and cooperation between the government and the public

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17
Q

Who were the octobrists?

A

Nationalists

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18
Q

Who supported the octobrists?

A

Industrialists
Landowners
Those with commercial interests

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19
Q

Who were the progressists?

A

Business men and members of the zemstva who wanted reform

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20
Q

Name 9 groups in the Duma

A 
Mensheviks 
Bolsheviks 
Socialist revolutionaries 
Trudoviks 
Kadets 
Progressists 
Octobrists 
National groups
Rightists
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21
Q

Who had the majority in the first Duma?

A

Kadets - 182/448 seats

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22
Q

Who was the second largest party in the first Duma?

A

Trudoviks - 107 seats

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23
Q

What happened in the first Duma?

A

Hostility towards tsar
Kadets didn’t hold back - demanded Duma have more power and elections more secret and universal
Two months of bitter disagreement and fierce debates
Tsar horrified by hostility dissolved Duma

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24
Q

What was the kadets reaction the dissolution of the first Duma?

A

Two hundred deputies went to vyborg in Finland and issued vyborg manifesto urging Russians not to pay taxes - kadets offices closed down and members dismissed from govt service
Deputies arrested and disbarred from re election

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25
Q

How many eligible workers in St p voted in the second Duma?

A

Over 70%

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26
Q

What was one of the reasons so many workers in St p voted?

A

Revolutionary parties except Bolsheviks had joined for the first time

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27
Q

Who were the largest group in the second Duma?

A

Trudoviks - 104 seats

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28
Q

Which side had the most seats in the second Duma?

A

The left

200 seats

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29
Q

When did the second Duma meet?

A

February 1907

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30
Q

What was the second Duma know as?

A

The Duma of national anger

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31
Q

What was the second Duma like?

A

More radical than first
Right and left provoked each other
Left attacked govt ministers and interrupted them

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32
Q

How long did the second Duma last before the tsar dissolved it?

A

Three months

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33
Q

What happened after the second Duma?

A

Stolypins coup

Vote restricted to upper and propertied classes

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34
Q

Who dominated the third Duma?

A

Octobrists - 154 seats

Rightists - 147 seats

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35
Q

What was the third Duma like?

A

More cooperative
Still critical of govt
By 1911 relations breaking down

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36
Q

What did the third Duma show?

A

Duma could work positively with govt

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37
Q

What were the third Dumas main achievements?

A

Stolypins land reforms
Education law 1908 -compulsory primary schooling 8 -11
Army and navy improvement s
Justices of peace replace land captains
National health insurance scheme - sickness benefit to workers

38
Q

What was the fourth Duma like?

A

Interrupted by war
Rightists stronger and octobrists weaker
Critical of govts handling of social unrest

39
Q

When were the Dumas introduced?

A

In the October manifesto

40
Q

What was the main work of the fourth Duma?

A

Support and money for previous education law in 1908

Reform of Orthodox Church and reduction of state control - but no final decisions made before war broke out

41
Q

When was Stolypin assassinated?

A

September 1911

42
Q

What happened after stolypins assassination?

A

Constitutional experiment ground to a halt

Nicholas became increasingly isolated

43
Q

What are the dates of the third Duma?

A

November 1907-June 1912

44
Q

What are the dates of the fourth Duma?

A

November 1912 - August 1914

45
Q

What did Stolypin set up in 1906?

A

Field court martial to crush peasant uprisings

46
Q

What is stolypins necktie?

A

Thousands of peasants executed by hanging

47
Q

What is stolypins carriages?

A

Thousands of peasants sent into exile

48
Q

What did Stolypin believe?

A

Reform essential and that industrial progress alone wasn’t sufficient so he focused on agrarian reform

49
Q

What were the bold aims of stolypins land reforms?

A

Feed rapidly growing population

Create a strong conservative peasantry who would support the regime

50
Q

What is stolypins coup?

A

Radically changed the electoral system after second Duma to deprive peasants and workers of their votes and create a more conservative and cohesive electorate

51
Q

How Stolypin alienate the Duma and the octobrists?

A

Used article 87 to to pass measures by decree when Duma not sitting

52
Q

What did Stolypins reforms cause the right to do?

A

Work to block him and get him out of office

53
Q

What did Stolypin say in 1906?

A

“I am fighting on two fronts. I am fighting against revolution, but for reform. You may say that such a position is beyond human strength and you may be right”

54
Q

What was the number of political strikes in 1911 - 1914?

A

1911 - 24
1912 - 1300
1913 - 1034
1914 - 2401

55
Q

What was the number of strikers in 1921 - 1914?

A

1911 - 105 110
1912 - 725 491
1913 - 861 289
1914 - 1 448 684

56
Q

What was the Lena goldfields massacre?

A

Striking workers protesting about degrading working conditions clashed with troops and over 200 killed

57
Q

When was the Lena goldfields massacre?

A

April 1912

58
Q

What three things were the workers protesting about in the Lena goldfields massacre?

A

Degrading working conditions
Low wages
Fourteen hour working day

59
Q

What did the goldfields massacre do?

A

Open floodgates to workers protests

More militant and frequency and scale of strikes increased

60
Q

What strike happened in July 1914?

A

General strike in St p involving barricades and street fighting

61
Q

What national circulation did the Bolshevik paper Pravda achieve?

A

40 000 copies per issue (over twice the Menshevik equivalent)

62
Q

Him many members of the St p committee Bolshevik were okhrana agents?

A

4/5

63
Q

Describe Nicholas 11

A

Overwhelmed at taking over from admired father
Loved military life and saw it as his personal domain
Strong religious convictions and a family man
Narrow minded and anti semetic
Poor leadership skills

64
Q

What kicked Nicholas s reign off to a bad start?

A

May 1896 during coronation celebrations 1400 killed in khodynka field in crush for beer and food - later Nicholas was at ball - public outrage at his lack of concern

65
Q

Who was Nicholas influenced by?

A

Pobedonostov

66
Q

What were the problems with Alexandra the tsarina?

A

Born of German royal house and disliked by the court
Son alexis was haemophiliac giving her a great dependance upon Rasputin
Strong willed and obstinate
Argued against any move towards constitutional monarchy

67
Q

Why was Rasputin able to work his way into the tsar and tsarinas respect?

A

Rasputin seemed to be able to stop the bleeding if their haemophiliac son when other doctors couldn’t
Tsarina saw this as sign from god and gave him elevated position at court

68
Q

What did Rasputin connection to the tsar cause?

A

Reputations and political damage
Tension between tsar and Orthodox Church
Tension between tsar and Duma due to tsar censoring reports in news on Rasputin
Tension between tsar and stolypin who hated effect he has on public image

69
Q

What happened just before Nicholas came to reign?

A

Catastrophic famine 1891 - 1892
Killed half a million people by end 1892
Government continued to export grain whilst people starved
Zemstva were first to organise relief and it took public volunteers to make it effective

70
Q

What did the famine 1891 -1892 do to the bureaucracy?

A

Discredited the bureaucracy as they were incompetent to help
Zemstva pushed for more autonomy
Prince Lvov called for National Assembly

71
Q

What policies did Nicholas continue?

A

Emergency powers of 1881 an Russification pushed more vigorously

72
Q

How did the modernisation threaten the regime?

A

Peasants pouring into cities created social tension
Workers concentrated together easier to organise strikes
More educated workforce due to witted work made it easier to read political literature
Growth of middle classes created pressure for political change

73
Q

What happened as the 1890s progressed?

A

Urban workers became more militant

74
Q

Which urban workers in particular mounted huge strikes?

A

Textile workers in st P

30 000 spinners and weavers in 1896 and 1897

75
Q

What did the urban workers resent?

A

Working and living conditions and the way they were treated

76
Q

What did the strikes force the government to do?

A

Restrict the working day to eleven and a half hours

77
Q

What was the peak for strikes?

A

1899 involved 100 000 workers

Could only be dealt with by police arrests and executions

78
Q

What was established in 1899 because of these strikes?

A

A special factory police force with units permananetly stationed near large industry

79
Q

How did the students react in the 1890s?

A

Serious disturbances

Many radicalised and joined SRs

80
Q

When was there a famine in the central Volga region?

A

1898-9

81
Q

What did the 1900 international recession cause?

A

Falling wages and unemployment resulting I widespread industrial action

82
Q

What province saw the first wave of peasant violence in 1902?

A

Poltava

Landlords were withdrawing land needed to feed families and renting it out at more exploititative rates

83
Q

What was the only constructive response to problems in the cities?

A

Zubatovs trade unions set up on 1901

Trade unions supervised and partially funded by police

84
Q

What caused xubatovs dismissal?

A

In 1903 a strike organised by police unions in Odessa escalated into a general strike
Many feared the trade unions would politicise workers

85
Q

What are the “seedbeds of liberalism”

A

The zemstva - had created a class of people skilled in local politics

86
Q

What was formed in 1903?

A

The union of liberation demaninding economic and political reform

87
Q

What was the major opposition to tsarism before 1905?

A

The liberals

88
Q

How many government officials did SR assassinate between 1901 and 1905?

A

2000 including minister of interior Plehve in 1904

89
Q

Who and when formed social Democratic Party?

A

George Plekhanov in 1898

90
Q

When did the SD split into two parties?

A

1903 at second party congress

The bolsheviks and the Mensheviks

91
Q

What was the difference between the Mensheviks and the bolsheviks?

A

Mensheviks believed the party should be broadly based and more democratic

AS History - Russia (8 decks)

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