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AS History - Russia > Lenin To Stalin > Flashcards

Lenin To Stalin Flashcards

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1
Q

What were some of the problems when Lenin came to power?

A

Economy deteriorated rapidly - Lennie returned to labour discipline and one person management
Bankers civil servants and other managers disrupted the bolsheviks

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2
Q

What did the bolsheviks believe would happen after the decree on peace?

A

Other countries in Europe would follow means and war collapse into a series of civil wars where working class would create social revolutions

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3
Q

When was Trotsky dispatched to negotiate a peace settlement with Germany?

A

December 1917 - Brest-Litovsk

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4
Q

What did Lenin believe about peace in the world war?

A

It was essential for survival of regime- no army to fight the Germans and feared the Germans would throw the bolsheviks out as they advanced

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5
Q

Why were Bukharin and the left communists against peace?

A

Stick to their ideology and wanted to turn war into a revolutionary war to create European socialist revolution

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6
Q

What was the vote in the Bolshevik central committee over the war issue?

A

9 to 7 to accept Trotsky policy of “neither war nor peace”

Lenin lacked support

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7
Q

What did Lenin have to do to get the bolsheviks to agree to the peace treaty?

A

Threaten to resign

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8
Q

When was the treaty of Brest-litovsk signed?

A

3 March 1918

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9
Q

What was the treaty of Brest Litovsk seen as throughout Russia?

A

A shameful peace
No leading Bolshevik was prepared to put their name to it
Totally resigned as foreign commissar

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10
Q

What was lost in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

A

Half the human, industrial and agricultural resources of Nicholas 2s empire
-aggravated severe grain shortages in cities

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11
Q

What did the treaty of Brest-Litovsk encourage?

A

Patriotic Russians to join anti-Bolshevik forces and make civil war

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12
Q

How dd the Left SRs react to the treaty of Brest Litovksk?

A

Resigned from Sovnarkom in protest

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13
Q

What was Mawdsleys view on the Brest Litovsk to Lenin?

A

Never again would such a major issue be fought out in public, never again would Lenin be so deeply challenged

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14
Q

Give some figures the russia lost in the treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

62 million people (1/6th pop)
27% farm land
26% railway
74% iron ore and coal resources

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15
Q

In what countries did the Germans set up semi independent governments in as a result of the treaty of BL?

A

Belarus
Ukraine
Georgia

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16
Q

What countries became independent republics as per the treaty of BL?

A

Estonia
Latvia
Lithuania

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17
Q

What did the Germans do in Finland?

A

Finland been ruled by tsars since 1809

In 1918 Germans helped Finns defeat Bolshevik uprising and ensured Finland remained independent in treaty of BL

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18
Q

How did the civil war break out?

A

In May 1918 after revolt by Czech former war prisoners

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19
Q

What were the reds?

A 
The bolsheviks - as it became clear white success meant restoration of ruling class and landowners reds gained more support 
Peasants hated landlords more than bolsheviks
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20
Q

What were the whites?

A

Senior officers in tsarist army - divided and uncoordinated
Former tsarists and liberals as SRs
Only think in common all anti Bolshevik
Deeply divided

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21
Q

What was uncommon within the white armies?

A

They would fight each other

Admiral Kolchak overthrew Komuch in Nov 1918 in military coup

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22
Q

What were the greens?

A

Peasant armies made up of deserters from whites or reds. Some fought for bolsheviks some against
More concerned wit protecting own area from damage caused by armie s

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23
Q

What was the most famous of the green armies?

A

Nestor Makhno
An anarchist in Ukraine - skilled guerilla leader who fought all but became ally of bolsheviks . Ukrainians were fighting for their independence

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24
Q

Name three significant white armies

A

Denikins in South Russia
Kolchaks in Siberia
Yudenichs in North West

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25
Q

When was Petrograd and Moscow threatened by the white armies?

A

October 1919

Trotsky exploited red control of railways to beat them back

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26
Q

What ended the civil war?

A

When Wrangel (successor of Denikin) the last surviving white general was defeated in Crimean in Nov 1920

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27
Q

What did Bolshevik propaganda portray them as in the civil war?

A

Defending the revolution against the whites

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28
Q

What was the whites most serious weakness?

A

Lack of political programme to appeal to the peasants

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29
Q

What were the advantages of the reds?

A

Held central area and conscript army outnumbered whites
Single unified command structure under Trotsky
Trotsky had charisma
Peasant support - Lenin had legitimised their right to land
Foreign intervention to help whites made bolsheviks the defenders of Russia

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30
Q

What were the whites disadvantages?

A 
Scattered over Russia 
Communications and co ordination bad 
Made up of different groups unable to agreements
Indiscipline and corruption 
Lacked political programme
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31
Q

How many miles did trotskys special war train cover?

A

65000 miles from front to front

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32
Q

What did Lenin start to help save the economy in 1918?

A

War communism

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33
Q

What was set up in may 1918 to do with the economy?

A

Food supplies dictatorship - beginning of grain requisitioning - red guards and soldiers forcibly took grain

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34
Q

What were the sections of war communism?

A 
Grain requisitioning 
Labour discipline 
Rationing
Nationalisation of industry
Banning of private trade
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35
Q

What happened in labour discipline?

A

Fines for lateness and absenteeism
Internal passports introduced to prevent fleeing to countryside
Piece-work rates brought back and bonuses

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36
Q

When was the decree on nationalism?

A

June 1918

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37
Q

Did nationalisation of industry help increase production?

A

No

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38
Q

What developed as a result of the banning on private trade?

A

Black market

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39
Q

Describe the rationing system introduced during war communism

A

Class based
Red army soldiers and labour forces given priority
Burzhooi/middle classes got smalllest rations barely enough to live off

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40
Q

What was the economic situation in May 1918?

A

Acutely shortage of raw materials so industrial output shrank
Souring inflation- value of rouble collapsed
Paper money worthless and peasants refused to supply cities - nothing given in exchange
Food shortages and food riots
Workers fled from cities in search of food so workforce shortage

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41
Q

How much did urban workers spend on food in May 1918?

A

3/4 of income

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42
Q

What percentage of prostitutes in Moscow were from burzhooi classes in May 1918?

A

42%

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43
Q

What was war communism to lenin?

A

An extension of class warfare and the “internal front” of the revolution - way of wiping out bourgeois attitudes

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44
Q

What launched the Chekas red terror?

A

An assassination attempt on Lenin in 30 Aug 1918

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45
Q

Who was one f the most significant victims of the red terror?

A

Star Nicholas and his family and servants - shit 17 July 1918 in the Urals

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46
Q

What do official records put the figure of deaths at hands of Cheka 1918-20? And what is the estimated real figure?

A

13000

500 000

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47
Q

What wa are purpose of the terror?

A

Terrify all hostile social groups

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48
Q

What percentage of Moscow prisons did children make up 1920?

A

5%

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49
Q

By 1921 how many employees did the Cheka have?

A

143000

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50
Q

What was the problem with the red terror?

A

No one was sure who the counter revolutionaries were

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51
Q

What was set up to house troublesome peasants, dissident workers and bourgeoisie saboteurs?

A

Concentration and labour camps

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52
Q

According to Cheka sources how many desperate risings in Russia were ther in Feb 1921?

A

118

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53
Q

What was Russia like in 1921?

A 
Economy in ruins 
Transport system on point of collapse
Factories couldn't get materials needed and most industry had ceased production 
Famine 
Thousands died from disease - cholera
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54
Q

What was the main threat to the communist government in 1921?

A

The peasants - now civil war over and whites defeated the focused efforts on fighting grain requisitioning

55
Q

What was the most serious peasant revolt against grain requisitioning?

A

Tambov uprising august 1920 to June 1921 led by Antonov in

56
Q

What did the red army use in the Tambov region to quell peasant revolts?

A

Poison gas

57
Q

What brought respected strikes in cities in 1920-21

A

Sever winter

58
Q

What was cut by one third in several cities including Moscow 22 Jan 1921?

A

The bread ration

59
Q

What did the city to the bread ration cause?

A

Food demonstrations to be broken up by Cheka and special troops because ordinary soldiers refused to fire upon the crowds

60
Q

What were urban workers angry about?

A

Food shortages
Militarised factories - workers could be imprisoned or shot if production targets not met
Unions no real power just instruments of control

61
Q

What was imposed on Moscow and st P in 1921?

A

Martial law

62
Q

Who mutinied against the bolsheviks in march 1921?

A

Kronstadt sailors

63
Q

What did the Kronstadt sailors hop to achieve intbeir mutiny?

A

General revolt against bolsheviks

End to terror dictatorship grain requisitioning and one party rule

64
Q

What caused serious arguments within the party at end 1920?

A

Debate over decreasing power of trade unions

65
Q

What was significant about the Kronstadt uprising?

A

The rebels were the same sailors who had fought for the revolution despite lenin condemning them as a “white plot”

66
Q

What was established from 1923 onwards?

A

The nomenklatura system

67
Q

What was the nomenklatura system?

A

List of 5500 designated party and government posts drawn up - holders of these posts only appointed by central party bodies - tightened one party state those who wanted promotion had to be loyal

68
Q

What happened to Lenin from mid 1921?

A

His health declined and he suffered a huge stroke in May 1922 that limited his activity

69
Q

What did Lenin accuse Stalin of?

A

Great Russian chauvinism and bullying tactics

70
Q

What left Lenin without the power of speech?

A

Another stroke in march 1923

71
Q

What was Lenin worried about towards the end of his life?

A

Extent of party bureaucracy and stalins increasing power

72
Q

What was the bedrock of the soviet system right through to its demise?

A

Lenins key principles

73
Q

What did Trotsky write to preobrazhensky in 1928?

A

You know better than I do that had lenin not managed to come to Petrograd in April 1917 the October revolution would not have taken place

74
Q

When did the cult of Lenin begin?

A

Just after the attempt on his life in 1918

75
Q

How did the cult of Lenin surface?

A

Eulogies appeared in Bolshevik press giving him Christ like qualitites as he was unafraid to sacrifice his life for the revolution

76
Q

How many segments was Lenins brain sliced into after his death and why?

A

30000 so scientists in the future could discover the secrets of his genius

77
Q

In the power struggle after lenins death how did all the contenders justify their positions?

A

Referencing Lenin and arguing that they diverged from Lenin

78
Q

By 1922 what were the results of the NEP?

A

Food in the markets in cities and trade in shops, shops cafes and restuarants reopened

79
Q

By 1923 how much had cereal production risen by since 1920?

A

23%

80
Q

In the Autumn 1923 what happened to food prices?

A

they began to drop but price of industrial goods still rose as they were in short supply

81
Q

What did Trotsky dub the industrial goods problem?

A

The Scissor Crisis - the imbalance between industrial goods and food made the peasants reluctant to supply food - ended April

82
Q

How did the govt fix the Scissor Crisis?

A

started to take peasant tax in cash rather than in kind to encourage peasants to sell produce

83
Q

How did Trotsky feel about the Scissors Crisis?

A

wanted to move to rapid industrialisation from NEP and favoured a permanent scissors crisis to squeeze more grain out of peasants to pay for it

84
Q

What was the name of the private traders who began to appear in this revival?

A

Nepmen

85
Q

How much of the retail trade did Nepmen handle by 1923?

A

3/4

86
Q

What did Nepmen do?

A

Scoured villages buying up produce to sell in the markets in cities, also travelled round workshops picking up equipment to sell

87
Q

When was the heyday for the Nepmen?

A

First 3 years of NEP - corruption rife and rewards high, it was a get rich quick society - prostitution and crime flourishes

88
Q

What did the Moscow municipal govt make most of its income on in the first three years of the NEP?

A

taxes on gambling clubs

89
Q

How does peasant production of grain in the NEP years compare with 1913 Russia?

A

1913- exported 13million tonnes

Best years of NEP - never exceeded 3 million tonnes

90
Q

In 1926-27 what percent of 1913 levels were imports and exports?

A

imports - 38%

exports - 33%

91
Q

How many Kronkstadt sailors were killed in the rebellion?

A

10 000 - in the following weeks 2500 shot by Cheka execution squads

92
Q

What was clear to Lenin after the challenges of 1921?

A

Concessions to the peasants and some measure of economic liberalisation was essential for the regime to survive
War communism was not working

93
Q

What was brought in to deal with the 1921 crisi?

A

NEP

94
Q

What was the key element of the NEP?

A

Abolished grain requisitioning

95
Q

What replaced grain requisitioning?

A

A “tax in kind” peasants had to give a fixed proportion of their grain to the state but this was much less than previously and they could sell surplus on the market

96
Q

What else did the NEP do?

A

Small businesses and private trading back
Ban on private trade removed
Rationing abolished
State retained control of large scale heavy industries such as transport and banks - industry organised into trusts

97
Q

How did the party view the NEP?

A

A betrayal and against Bolshevik ideology

Especially lifting the ban on private trade

98
Q

What persuaded the doubters that they had to follow the NEP?

A

The kronkstadt revolt - they realised splits in the party would result in ten losing power all together so they fell in line behind Lenin

99
Q

What accompanied the economic concessions of the NEP?

A

Tightening of political control - ban on factions passed

100
Q

When was the first cleansing to rid the unhealthy elements of the party?

A

May 1918 _ expulsion of idlers hooligans adventurers drunkards and thieves

101
Q

By mid 1919 what happened to party meme era hip?

A

It was half the total claimed before due to cleansing

102
Q

How many party members were purged or left the party in 1921?

A

220 000

103
Q

How many Mensheviks were arrested in 1921 for counter revolutionary activities?

A

5000

104
Q

In 1921 what was the show trial?

A

Socialist revolutionaries - 34 leaders condemned as terrorists and 11 executed

105
Q

What was the Cheka renamed in 1922?

A

GPU (main political administration)

106
Q

What continued to be applied after 1922 as an instrument of social policy?

A

Arbitrary imprisonment and the death penalty

107
Q

What was evidence that there wasn’t ideological backtracking in the NEP years?

A

GPU periodically harassed the Nepmen and the attack on religion

108
Q

When was pre publication censorship introduced?

A

1922 - everything has to be submitted to Glavlit before publication

109
Q

When did the communist dictatorship emerge?

A

1922

110
Q

When was the politburo created?

A

1919

111
Q

What is the politburo?

A

Inner ruling group of seven people at top of communist party

Key decision making body

112
Q

What was the reasons for the grain not reaching the market?

A

Agriculture backwards relying on isufficent methods
Peasant landholdings smaller than pre 1917 as large estates divided up - on small land plots people eat most of what they produce
Gap in prices between grain and peasant desired manufactured goods
Relationship between peasants and govt deteriorated

113
Q

How many inefficient wooden ploughs were still in use in 1927?

A

Over 5 million

114
Q

What did the government do to solve the grain problem?

A

Clamped down on private traders but peasants starting feedin grain to their animals as meat prices was higher than grain prices

115
Q

What did the large state controlled trusts constantly do?

A

Cut their workforce to make a profit

116
Q

How did the NEP affect urban workers?

A

Wages remain low
Unemployment rises steeply
Seemed like the peasants were doing well at their expense
Objected to power of single managers

117
Q

What happened to real wages in 1928?

A

They only just passed their pre war levels

118
Q

By 1926 what percent of the employed population was unemployed?

A

14% significantly higher than pre war

119
Q

What remained a problem for workers during the NEP?

A

Housing - in Smolensk 1929 many workers with six or seven families lived in one room

120
Q

What was a result of the turmoil of war and civil war?

A

Thousands of parentless and rootless young people formed gangs and roamed the streets

121
Q

What pushed stain to act decisively over the grain?

A

Amount of grain procured by state at end of 1927 was 3/4 1926

122
Q

What did Stalin do in Jan 1928?

A

Went to Urals and western Siberia on requisitioning campaign - substantial resistance to his actions

123
Q

What was Stalin made after the October revolution?

A

From editor of Pravda to commissar of nationalities

124
Q

What helped Stalin in his advancements through the Bolshevik party?

A

Sverdlov in march 1919 died of Spanish flu - he was organiser and now Stalin took his job and got closer to Lenin

125
Q

What was Stalin out in charge of in May 1919?

A

The orgburo which controlled aspects of party organisation

126
Q

When was Stalin appointed general secretary?

A

1922

127
Q

What was a big advantage to Stalin?

A

He was the only person to be a member of all three of the party’s executive bodies

128
Q

What gave Trotsky an advantage?

A

His organisation and drive during the civil war led them to victory and gave him a strong base in the army

129
Q

What worked against Trotsky?

A

His arrogance and aloofness which didn’t win him any friends
From 1923 he suffered from attacks of an undiagnosed fever so he missed crucial votes and debates

130
Q

Who is zinoviev?

A

Old Bolshevik active I te party as early as 1903
Initiated cult of lenin
Widely disliked and over ambitious
Opposed armed uprising in October and fell out with lenin
Made party secretary in Leningrad
1919 chairman of comintern
1921 full member of politburo

131
Q

Who was kamenev?

A 
Active Bolshevik since 1905
Close collaborator with lenin 
Excellent editor of Pravda 
Opposed April thesis 
Opposed lenin with zinoviev
Party secretary in moscow
Comissar for foreign trade 
Not a natural leader
132
Q

Who was bukharin?

A 
Younger generation of bolsheviks 
Important theorist 
No major leader had opposed lenin more often but his personal relations with l were very good 
Editor of Pravda 1918-1929
Full member politburo 1922 
Not good organiser but fierce arguer
133
Q

Who was rykov?

A

Chairman of vesenkha 1918
Succeeded lenin as chairman of sovnarkom having been deputy since 1921
Authoritave and outspoken
Talented administrator but was a drinker

AS History - Russia (8 decks)

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