The Cognitive Approach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cognitive approach?

A

The study of internal mental processes, the role of schema, the use of theoretical and computer models to make inferences about mental processes. The emergence of cognitive neuroscience. Developed in 1950โ€™s as a response to the behaviourist approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define the cognitive approach?

A

It means โ€˜mental processesโ€™ so concentrates on how mental processes effect behaviour such as thoughts, perception and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define internal mental processes?

A

โ€˜Privateโ€™ operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define schema?

A

A framework of beliefs and expectations which are developed from experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define inference?

A

The process where conclusions are drawn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define cognitive neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the key assumptions of the cognitive approach?

A

Internal mental processes should be studied scientifically and therefore study previously neglected areas of psychology such as memory, perception and thinking.
Cognitive processes are studied indirectly so that inferences can be made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is one important theoretical model within the cognitive approach? (assumption)

A

The information processing approach which suggests that information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that include import, storage and retrieval (as in the MSM)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the computer model/computer analogy?

A

It suggests there are similarities in the way that information is processed. Uses the concept of the central processing unit (the brain) and the concept of coding (tuning info into a useable format) and use of stores to hold info. Some parts work sequentially and some in parallel

Follow same route- data input, data processing, data output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why have computational models proved useful?

A

Helped development of thinking machines or artificial intelligence - application

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of schema? (assumptions)

A

Cognitive processes can often be affected by a personโ€™s beliefs or expectations - often referred to as schema (packages of ideas and info developed through experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do schema act as?

A

Mental framework for the interpretation of incoming info received by the cognitive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do schema enable us to do?

A

Process lots of info quickly- useful as a mental shortcut that prevents us being overwhelmed by our environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give an example of a scheme?

A

Everyone has a schema for making a cup of tea- babies born with simple schemas e.g sucking that become more sophisticated as we get older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is neuroscience? (assumptions)

A

The scientific study of the brain structures on mental processes - mapping brain areas to specific functions has a long history in psychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did Paul Broca identify in the 1860โ€™s?

A

How one damaged area of the frontal lobe could lead to permanently impaired speech production

17
Q

What does advances in brain imaging techniques such as MRI mean for cognitive approach?

A

Means that scientists have been able to systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes.
Scanning techniques also proved useful in establishing the neurological basis of some mental disorders e.g OCD
It appears to play a role in processing unpleasant emotions

18
Q

How has focus on cognitive neuroscience expanded recently?

A

Now includes the use of computer generated model designed to read the brain - led to the development of mind mapping techniques known as fingerprinting

19
Q

What is a possible future application?

A

To analyse brainwave patterns of eye-witnesses to determine whether they are lying in court

20
Q

In what ways is the cognitive approach scientific?

A

Uses highly controlled and rigorous methods of study
Involves use of lab experiments to produce reliable, objective data
Emergence of cognitive neuroscience allowed biology and psychology to come together - giving the study of the mind a credible scientific basis

21
Q

What is machine reductionism and why is it a limitation?

A

Simplifying complex processes by comparing it to a machine - despite similarities between the human mind and computers, the analogy ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system and how it may affect our ability to process information

22
Q

What is an example of the limitations of machine reductionism?

A

Research has found that the human memory may be affected by emotional factors such as anxiety

23
Q

Why can the cognitive approach often not be applied to everyday life?

A

Cognitive psychology often suffers from being too abstract and theoretical in nature. Experimental studies of mental processes often carried out using artificial stimulus that may not represent everyday memory experience - lacks external validity

Doesnโ€™t take into account individual differences - assumes everyone processes in the same way

24
Q

What are some of the real life applications?

A

Probably the dominant approach in psychology today , applied to wide range of practical and theoretical contexts e.g in field of artificial intelligence

25
Q

Why is being less deterministic than other approaches a strength?

A

Founded on soft determinism - recognises that we can only operate within the limits of what we know but that we are free to think before responding to stimulus. This is a more interactionist (mind and body separate) position than the hard determinism suggested by other approaches.

26
Q

What are the principles of the cognitive approach?

A

Our mental systems have a limited capacity
A control mechanism oversees all mental processes
There is a two way flow of information

27
Q

What are the limitations of compter models?

A

Humans influenced by emotional and motivational factors that donโ€™t affect computers
Humans have an unlimited and unreliable memory (computers have opposite)
Humans have free will which computers donโ€™t

28
Q

What methods does cognitive neuroscience use ?

A

Lesion studies- looking at people with Brain damage and the affect on behaviour
Electrophysiology- using electric and magnetic
fields to measure Brain activity and brain waves
Neuroimaging- pinpointing areas of the brain that are active when a task in performed

29
Q

What happens when information is consistent with a schรฉma?

A

It is assimilated into the schรฉma e.g A child steamer for an apple maybe an edible green hard sphere so every time a child sees a green apple experience is assimilated and the scheme is strengthened

30
Q

What happens when information is inconsistent with the schema?

A

Accommodation because the schema has to change in order to resolve the problem so if a child sees and red apple the apple schรฉma must accommodate this new information

31
Q

What is roll schema?

A

Ideas about the behaviour which is expected from someone in a certain role setting or situation eg schรฉma for a doctor = someone who is intelligent and sensible

32
Q

What is an event schรฉma?

A

Also called scripts- they contain information about what happens in a situation eg when you go to a restaurant youโ€™ll need to read a menu

33
Q

What is a self schema?

A

Dees contain information about ourselves based on physical characteristics and personality as well as beliefs and values. Can affect how you act
Eg if your self schรฉma says youโ€™re health conscious youโ€™re likely to eat well and exercise regularly

34
Q

What are some problems with schemas?

A

They can stop people from learning new information, for example prejudice and stereo types can be an outcome of schema

35
Q

What was Bartlettโ€™s study 1932?

A

English participants asked to read a native American folk tale it was an unfamiliar story full of strange and unusual names ideas and objects the participants were then asked to recall the story at different lengths of time

All of the participants change the story to fit their own schema and the details became more English. As time went on , info remembered decreased

36
Q

What did Bartlettโ€™s study show + Evaluation?

A

People use their own schema to help interpret and remember the world around them

Lacked ecological validity - lab study
Highly influential - pathed way to further cognitive research