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ICS > The CNS > Flashcards

The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 parts make up the CNS?

A

the brain and the spinal chord

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2
Q

views…
-Anterior
-posterior
superior
inferior

A

front
back
top
bottom

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3
Q

planes of view of the brain … rostral, caudal … what do these mean?

A

forwards and back, and up and down

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4
Q

sagital

A

split down the middle

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5
Q

corinal

A

split between the front and back

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6
Q

What 3 parts make up the brain stem and what order are they located?

A

mid brain at the top of the stem
pons is a bit lower down towards the front of the stem
medulla is slightly lower than the pons

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7
Q

where is the cerebellum located?

A

at the back of the brain (bottom)

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8
Q

where is the diencephalon located and what is it made of?

A

In the centre of the brain, contains the thalamus, hypothalamus (below the thalamus) and the epithalus retina

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9
Q

what is another name for the cortex? and what does it look like/structure?

A

Cerebrum, heavily folded structure

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10
Q

What are Gyri?

A

the ridges in the brain, the brain folds inwards producing outwardly rounded ridges (gyri)

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11
Q

What are the grooves between the gyri called?

A

Sulci… deep sulk are called fissures

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12
Q

What are the 5 lobes that the cortex is divided into?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal (and limbic lobe)

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13
Q

where are the 4 main lobes located?

A

frontal, at the front at the top
parietal, top behind the frontal
occipital at the back between the parietal and the cerebellum
temporal either side of the brain below the frontal and parietal

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14
Q

what is the average number of neurones in the brain?

A

100 billion

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15
Q

which lobe is responsible for movement (motor)?

A

frontal

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16
Q

which lobe is responsible for sensory?

A

parietal

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17
Q

which lobe is responsible for hearing and memory?

A

temporal

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18
Q

which is the primary visual cortex?

A

occipital

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19
Q

what is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

voluntary movement

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20
Q

what is the primary sensory cortex responsible for?

A

somatosensations

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21
Q

what is the primary auditory cortex responsible for

A

hearing

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22
Q

what is the primary visual cortex responsible for?

A

seeing

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23
Q

what is the secondary area broca’s area responsible for?

A

language expression

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24
Q

what is wernickes area (2nd-ary)

A

language comprehension

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25
Q

what is the secondary function of the frontal cortex?

A

judgement, motor planning, personality

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26
Q

what is the secondary visual association?

A

auditory memories, and object recognition … “WHAT”

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27
Q

what is the secondary function of the posterior parietal?

A

spatial awareness, selective attention, “WHERE”

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28
Q

which is the 5th lobe? and where is it located?

A

The limbic lobe, and on the medial side of each hemisphere (can’t be seen from the outside), surround the diecephelon

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29
Q

what is the function of the limbic lobe?

A

emotion

30
Q

what are the 6 chemical classifications of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • biogenic amines
  • amino acids
  • peptides
  • purines
  • gases and lipids
31
Q

what are the function classifications of neurotransmitters?

A

Excitory / inhibitory

direct / indirect

32
Q

Direct neurotransmitters

  • type of receptor/ion channel
  • example of neurotransmitter
A
  • Ligand gated ion channel
  • ionotropic
  • Ach and amino acids
33
Q

Indirect neurotransmitters

  • type of receptor
  • example of neurotransmitter
A
  • GCPR
  • metabotrophic
  • biogenic, amines, gases and neuropeptides
34
Q

what type of receptors does Ach act on?

A

Nicotinic and muscaranic

35
Q

what does the neurotransmitter Ach act on?

A

Neuromuscular junctions, Autonomic nervous system, CNS

36
Q

examples or purines

A

ATP, adenosine

37
Q

example or amino acid neurotransmitters

A

GABA and glutamate

38
Q

function of lipid and gases in brain… examples

A

learning and memory (inc synaptic strength)

NO and NA (catecholamines)

39
Q

what forms of protection does the CNS have?

A
  • bone
  • meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia)
  • ventricles which bathe it in fluid
  • blood brain barrier
40
Q

what are the cerebral ventricles?

A

-complex series of linked chambers in the brain surrounding the deep brain ventricles

41
Q

what do the lateral ventricles look like?

A

horns, 3rd ventricle runs down the middle, 4th is below (cerebellum)

42
Q

what are the basal ganglia?

A

a group of structures linked to the thalamus in the base of the brain and involved in coordination of movement

43
Q

name the basal ganglia

A
  • putamen
  • caudate
  • globus pallidus
44
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

gateway to the cortex, from rest of the NS, receives input from all areas of the NS

45
Q

what is the corpus callosum?

A

broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain, seen in the frontal plane

46
Q

how many fibres are in the corpus callosum?

A

250 million

47
Q

what percentage of th brain is grey matter?

A

40%

48
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neurone cell bodies, dendrites and glial cells

49
Q

what are glial cells?

A

The glial cells surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them. Glial cells are the most abundant cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite cells.

50
Q

what is white matter?

A

largely myelin that surround the nerve axons

51
Q

how much of the brain is made up of white matter?

A

60%

52
Q

what does the brain stem do?

A

connects the thalamus to the spinal chord

53
Q

what is the brain stem made up of?

A

midbrain, pons and medulla

54
Q

what does the brain stem contain?

A

all of the cranial nerves

55
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination of movements

56
Q

how many cranial nerves are there?

A

12

57
Q

what is the evolutionary oldest part of the brain?

A

the brain stem

58
Q

what survival systems in the brain stem are there?

A

breathing, swelling , balance, autonomic regulation, visual and auditory reflexes

59
Q

what happens if the brain stem is damaged?

A

coma, even if the rest of the brain is still functional

60
Q

what does the midbrain control?

A

visual and auditory reflexes (orientating reflexes)

61
Q

what does the pons do?

A
  • relay info from the cochlea and vestibular apparatus

- control of movement and sensation from the face, control of mastication

62
Q

what does the medulla do?

A
  • intergratoin of breathing and swallowing
  • control of respiration
  • control of blood pressure
  • control of cortical arousal
63
Q

what do glial cells do?

A

cells that surround the neurones and provide protection and support for the neurones.

64
Q

name some glial cells

A 
oglidendrocytes
astrocystes
microglia
olfactory unsheathing cells
ependyma cells
65
Q

what is the function of oglidendrocytes?

A

-myelination of the CNS
-increase conduction velocity
-secrete growth factor to axon
(same as schwa cell in PNS, but 1:1 ration)

66
Q

which is the most abundant glial cell

A

astrocytes

67
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A 
support the blood brain barrier
provide nutrients for the neurones
role in blood flow
respond to injury
release cytokines and growth factors
replicate to form scar tissue
68
Q

what is the function of microglia?

A
  • specialised macrophages
  • activated by inflammation or injury
  • phagocytosis of materials and microorganisms
69
Q

what is the function of olfactory ensheathing cells?

A

(similar to astrocytes)

-permits new axon to grow into CNS (normally only in olfactory bulb)… hope for CNS repair (injuries)

70
Q

what is the function of ependymal cells?

A
  • glial cells with epithelial characteristics, line the ventricles
  • help to circulate the cerebral spinal fluid
71
Q

What is the importance of glial cells?

A

myelination

-normal function- APs

72
Q

what are some effects of malfunctioning glial cells?

A
  • epilepsy, impact, infection or contusion has occurred

- gliomas (most brain tumours are gliomas), highly malignant with poor prognosis

ICS (11 decks)

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