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ICS > Principles of endocrine control > Flashcards

Principles of endocrine control Flashcards

1
Q

GLANDS

A

epithelial tissue derivatives specialised for secreting

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2
Q

SECRETION

A

biochemical release from particular type of cell upon stimulation

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3
Q

ENDOCRINE

A

secretions that enter the blood stream
ductless gland
End-internal gland-secretion

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4
Q

AUTOCRINE

A

cell produced substance that has an effect on the cell by which it is secreted

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5
Q

PARACRINE

A

hormone which has an effect only in the vicinity of the gland secreting it

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6
Q

NEUROENDOCRINE

A

mechanism by which the hypothalamus maintains homeostasis composed of neurones

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7
Q

HORMONE

A

chemical messenger that is secreted into the blood by endocrine glands in response to an appropriate signal-exerts effects on target cells which have receptors for the hormone

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8
Q

2 types of hormones

A

hydrophilic and lipoohilic

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9
Q

Hydrophilic hormones

…eg

A
  • Peptides and catecholamines

- Adrenaline and noradrenaline

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10
Q

Lipophilic hormones

…eg

A
  • steroids

- eg thyroid hormone

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11
Q

Peptide hormones

4 main points

A
  • produced by normal protein synthesis machinery
  • travel in blood solution
  • cannot enter cells directly through the lipid bilayer
  • bind to cell surface receptors
  • trigger an event inside the cell (second messenger system)
  • fast acting
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12
Q

Example of a peptide hormone

A

Insulin

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13
Q

Steroid hormones-main points

A
  • produced by modification of cholesterol molecules
  • travel in the blood count to plasma proteins
  • enter cells easily
  • intracelluar receptors
  • Act on DNA to alter cell function-
  • slow acting (transcription delay)
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14
Q

what does the endocrine system regulate

A
  • metabolism, water and electrolyte balance
  • stress response
  • growth and development
  • reproduction
  • RBC production
  • coordination of circulation and digestion
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15
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • Anterior and pituitary

- connects to the hypothalamus via the pituitary gland

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16
Q

Hypothalamus

A

control of pituitary hormone release

interface between inside and outside of the body

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17
Q

Hormones released from hypothalamus

A
  • CRH (corticotrophin releasing hormone)
  • GnRH gonadotrophin releasing hormone
  • Dopamine (protecting inhibiting factor)
18
Q

What does the anterior pituitary control?

A

Activity of other endocrine glands that will then control:

  • ovulation and pregnancy
  • sperm production
  • growth
19
Q

What hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Growth hormone
  • prolactin
20
Q

what links the anterior pituitary with the hypothalamus?

A

blood vessels

21
Q

what is the posterior pituitary involved with regulating?

A
  • overall water balance
  • uterine contraction
  • ejection of milk
22
Q

What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

oxytocin

23
Q

what links the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus?

A

Neurones

24
Q

What are the testis?

A

male external genitalia

they masculine the reproductive tract

25
Q

what do the testis do?

A
  • promote growth and maturation of reproductive system at puberty
  • develop sex drive
  • secondary sexual characteristics
26
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics?

A

pubic hair, adams apple…

27
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

development of spermatozoa by meiosis and mitosis

28
Q

which hormone is produced in the testes?

A

testosterone

29
Q

where does testosterone act in the cell?

A

on the nucleus

30
Q

Look at the diagram of spermatogenis

A

learn

31
Q

Which hormone causes the release of LH and FSH?

A

GnRH

32
Q

Does GnRH cause positive or negative feedback on FSH + LH?

A

Positive feedback

33
Q

During spermatogenesis what does FSH do?

A

Stimulates the sertoli cells to cause spermatogenesis
OR
release inhibin which negative feedback’s and stops/slows the release of LH and FSH

34
Q

What does LH do during spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone

-this the stimulates spermatogenesis

35
Q

Draw out the diagram of spermatogenesis

A

…

36
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A
  • stimulate the maturation and maintenance of the female reproductive system
  • ova maturation and release
  • prepare the uterus for development of n embryo and foetus
37
Q

what are the female secondary sexual characteristics?

A

pubic hair, breast enlargement

38
Q

what hormones are released by the ovaries?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone ( which are both steroids)

39
Q

what is the sequence of follicle formation?

A 
primordial follicle (13-50yo)
primary follicle (prenatal)
secondary follicle (astral follicle 15-20days)
graafian follicle (mature follicle)
ovulation
40
Q

what are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A
  • follicular phase
  • ovulation
  • luteal phase

ICS (11 decks)

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