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Pe- Skill acquisition > The classification and transfer of skills > Flashcards

The classification and transfer of skills Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 factors are motor skills affected by in most skills classifications?

A
  1. How precise the movement is
  2. Whether the movement has a definite beginning and end
  3. Whether the environment affects the performance of skills
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2
Q

What are the 4 continuums?

A
  1. Discrete, Serial and continuous
  2. Body involvement
  3. Open and closed
  4. Pacing
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3
Q

Discrete, Serial and continuous continuum

A

This continuum is concerned with how well defined the beginning and the end of a skill are.

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4
Q

What are discrete skills?

A
  • They have a clear beginning/ end
  • Skills can be repeated but performer starts again
  • Single specific skill
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5
Q

What is an example of a discrete skill?

A

Weight lifting

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6
Q

What are continous skills?

A
  • No obvious beginning/end
  • Continues for as long as the performer wishes
  • The end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
  • No clear sub routines
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7
Q

What is an example of a continous skill?

A

Marathon running

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8
Q

What are serial skills?

A
  • Several discrete elements put together to make integrated movement/ sequence
  • The order of elements are important
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9
Q

What is an example of a serial skill?

A

High jump

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10
Q

Body involvement continuum

A

This continuum is concerned with the precision of movement- gross and fine skills

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11
Q

What are gross skills?

A
  • They involve large muscle movements where the major muscle groups are involved
  • These movements are not very precise
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12
Q

What is an example of a gross skill?

A

Weight lifting

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13
Q

What are fine skills?

A
  • These involve more intricate movements using small muscle groups
  • They tend to be precise
  • They involve high levels of hand-eye coordination
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14
Q

What is an example of a fine skill?

A

Darts/snooker

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15
Q

Open and closed continuum

A

This continuum is concerned with the effects of the environment on skillls

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16
Q

What are open skills?

A
  • The environment is constantly changing and so movements have to be continually adapted
  • Skills are predominantly perceptual
  • Skill is mostly externally paced
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17
Q

What are factors in an open skill?

A
  • Affected by environment/ always changing
  • Need to interpret and judge stimuli
  • Usually complex/ need to process a lot of information/ stimuli
  • Usually externally paced/ speed controlled by others
  • Outcome varies/ not performed the same way everytime
18
Q

What is an example of an open skill?

A
  • Soccer (goal save) and (pass)
  • Tennis (stroke)
19
Q

What are closed skills?

A
  • These skills take place in a stable, predictable environment
  • Performer knows exactly what to do and when
20
Q

What are factors in a closed skill?

A
  • Skills aren’t affected by environment
  • Movements follow set-patterned and have a clear beginning and end
  • Skills tend to be self-paced
21
Q

What is an example of a closed skill?

A
  • Soccer (penalty)
  • Shot put
  • Tennis (serve)
22
Q

Pacing continuum

A

This continuum is concerned wih the timing of movements (and is often used with open-closed continuum) - internal and external paced skills

23
Q

What are external paced skills?

A
  • The environment which may include the opponents can control the rate of performing the skill
  • Performer must pay attention to external events in order to control there rate of movement
  • Speed/ start of the skill is controlled by the environment/ others
24
Q

What is an example of an externally paced skill?

A

Receiving a pass in football

25
Q

What are self paced skills?

A
  • The performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
  • Speed/ start of skill is controlled by the performer
26
Q

What is an example of a self-paced skill?

A

Passing the ball in netball

27
Q

What is the definition of learning?

A

Learning is…
Knapp: The more or less permanent change in behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance.

28
Q

Key characteristics of learning

A
  • Linked to practice or experience
  • Relatively permanent
  • Not a fluke or one-off occurance
29
Q

What is transfer of skills?

A

How the learning of one skill affects the learning of another.

30
Q

What is positive transfer?

A

The learning of 1 skill helps the learning of another.

31
Q

What is an example of positive transfer?

A

Tennis serve is very similar to a volleyball serve so the learning of one of them will help with the learning of the other.

32
Q

What is negative transfer?

A

The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another.

33
Q

What is an example of negative transfer?

A

A lot of movement in tennis is generated out of the shoulder joint but in badminton a lot of movement is generated by the elbow and the wrist.
So learning one of them might negatively affect the ability to play the other one as you pick up bad habits.

34
Q

What is proactive transfer?

A

A learned skill affects the learning of a new skill.

35
Q

What is an example of a proactive transfer?

A

You have been playing volleyball and then you now pick up tennis and you have now transferred the learning of that old volleyball serve into the learning of a new one.

36
Q

What is retroactive transfer?

A

The new skills affects the previously learned skill. (back in time)

37
Q

What is an example of retroactive transfer?

A

Going from volleyball to tennis and then tennis back to volleyball. Will the tennis serve affected the volleyball serve.

38
Q

What is bilateral transfer?

A

The learning on one limb slighly improves the learning on the opposite limb.

39
Q

What is an example of bilateral transfer?

A

Practice passing on right foot a lot you will be able to pass with your left foot having not practiced before
It’s now where near as effective as practicing on your other limb

40
Q

What is zero transfer?

A

It’s where the skills from one sport have no impact on learning a new sport.

41
Q

What is an example of zero transfer?

A

A swimmer transferring to archery.

42
Q

How to ensure positive transfer takes place?

A
  • Ensure that skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to other skills.
  • Avoid confusing practices to avoid negative transfer.
  • Positive previous experiences or values assist transfer.

Pe- Skill acquisition (3 decks)

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