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Biology Year 10 > The Circulatory System > Flashcards

The Circulatory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

Coronery arteries are the narrowest in the. Body and are easily blocked by a buildup of fatty substances including cholesterol in their walls. This can cut off The blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle. The affected muscle is unable to contract and a heart attack results. Heart has to work harder to pump blood as the blood pressure is increased

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2
Q

What are the coronary arteries

A

Takes oxygenated blood to the heart

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3
Q

What are factors that make chd more likely

A

Smoking - raises blood pressure and makes blood clots more likely to form

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4
Q

What does chd do to heart

A

Less blood goes to heart and there is less oxygen in the boding meaning less respiration of muscles . It causes strain and heart attacck

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5
Q

What happens with carbon monoxide in the blood

A

Co to enteres bloodstream and combines with haemoglobun to form carboxyhaemoglobin instead of oxygHaemoglobin reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood . Heart has to work harder to pump the blood around the body

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6
Q

What is artheroscelerosis

A

Build of fatty materials in the artery walls that makes arteries thinner and less space for blood pumped through

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7
Q

What does nicotine do

A

Increased blood pressure which can cause blood vessels to burst

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8
Q

What is the circuit that links the heart to the lungs

A

Pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

What is the circuit that links the heart to the body

A

Systemic circulation

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10
Q

What is double circulation better than single circulation

A

More efficient as it lumps blood twice so higher pressures can be maintained and blood travels quicker to organs . Blood can be pumped at low pressure to lungs but can then be pumped to body at high pressure to get it around quicker

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11
Q

Where does blood go after intestines

A

Heptatic portal vein to liver that extracts the waste and detoxifies the blood before it goes to the body

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12
Q

Aorta

A

Heart to rest of body . High oxygen concentration low glucose

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13
Q

Vena cava

A

Rest of body to heart

Low oxygen and glucose

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14
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Heart to lungs low oxygen low glucose

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15
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Lungs to heart high oxygen

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16
Q

Renal artery

A

Kidneys to sex organs and legs

High oxygen and glucose

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17
Q

Renal vein

A

Kidneys to heart low oxygen high glucose

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18
Q

Hepatic artery

A

Heart to liver low oxygen high glucose

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19
Q

Hepatic vein

A

Liver to heart low oxygen high glucose

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20
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Digestive system liver
Low oxygen
High glucose

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21
Q

Carotid artery

A

Heart to brain high oxygen high glucose

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22
Q

Jugular vein

A

Brain to heart low oxygen low glucose

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23
Q

What are arteries like

A

all Cary oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery . Thick walk with muscle Fibres and elastic tissue allows the walls to stretch and recoil to help push blood along . Small lumen high pressure

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24
Q

What are veins like

A

All carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein . Lower blood pressure than arteries . Veins must allow blood to pass through easily so have a large lumen . Veins must be able to prevent blood flow in the wrong direction and have valves to prevent backflow. They have thin walls with little muscle and elastic tissue

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25
Q

What are capillaries

A

Carry blood through organs bringing blood close to very cell in the organ

26
Q

What are capillaries like

A

Small to fit between cells and allow materials to pass through their walls easily . There wall is one cell thick

27
Q

How would An antibiotic get to the body

A

Tube connected to the patient through a vein in the arm because gains have lower pressure. Travels to heart through the largest vein in the body called the supierior venacava. Enters right atrium passes to the right ventricle and is then pumped to lungs in pulmonary artery.returns to heart and then leaves through the aorta , the largest artery, . Antibiotic is carried to tissues and leaves smallest blood vessels , the capillaries and kills the bacteria

28
Q

What do heart strings do

A

Stop the valve flipping inside out during ventricle systole

29
Q

What tells the heart to contact

A

Modified nerve cells send electrical impulses that cause heart to contract

30
Q

What happens during diastole

A

Atria and ventricle walls relax. Pressure drops . Pressure of ventricles falls below pressure of arteries but semi lunar valves prevent backflow into ventricle . Nothing contracts but blood flows in through the vena cabs and pulmonary vein. Walls of atria expand to hold the blood.

31
Q

What happens during atrial systole

A

Muscles of atria walls contract . Volume of atria decreases ,pressure increases . Pressure in atrium is greater than pressure in ventricle . Av valves open and blood flows into ventricles . Atria contract blood pressure increases

32
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Muscle of ventricle walls contract. Volume of ventricle decreases so pressure increases. Pressure of ventricles becomes greater than pressure in atria. Tricuspid valve is closed and av valves close preventing backflow into atria . The ventricle contracts semi lunar valves open and blood enters arteries

33
Q

What does it mean to be immune

A

To have the antibodies for the pathogen

34
Q

How does vaccine make immune

A

Creates memory cells to combat disease as vaccine contains antigens from the pathogen or dead pathogen . Lymphocytes create the correct antibody for the pathogen . It’s artificial and active

35
Q

What are natural ways of immunity

A

Breast milk contains antibodies and antibodies pass through umbilical cord to baby

36
Q

What is a passive artificial way of becoming immune

A

Antivenom , injection of pure antibodies in

37
Q

What is in a vaccine

A

An agent that carries the same antigens as a disease causing pathogen or a dead pathogen

38
Q

Why is there a new flu jab every year

A

New strands of fly have different antigens as the virus mutates

39
Q

What shape are red blood cells

A

In a bioncave disk and don’t have a nucleus and contain lots of haemoglobin.

40
Q

What is haemoglobin

A

A protein that transports oxygen made out of iron atoms

41
Q

What is plasma

A

Mostly water and transports hormones , dissolved co2 , nutrients (amino acids), heat energy and urea

42
Q

What are pathogens

A

Organisms that cause disease- all viruses , some bacteria , some protoctists and some funghi

43
Q

What are phagocytes

A

White blood cells that engulf and kill pathogens

44
Q

What do lymphocytes do

A

Release antibodies specific to an antigen on the pathogen

45
Q

Why are people with anemia tired

A

Lack of iron and can’t make enough haemoglobin this causes them to become tired As their blood cannot transport enough oxygen to meet their bodies need

46
Q

What do antibodies do

A

Antibodies are soluble proteins that pass into the plasma. Pathogens have antigens on their surface which the antibodies recognise and stick to the antigens to destroy the pathogen by-
Causing bacteria to stick together making it easier for the phagocyte to engulf , acting as a label for the phagocyte , causing bacterial cells to burst open and neutralising toxins produced by Pathogens

47
Q

What are blood types

A

All cells have antigens on their surface different blood types have different antigens

48
Q

Why do red blood cells have a bioncave shape

A

Allows efficient exchange of oxygen in and out of the cell due to high surface area to volume ratio , thin cell centre and thin membrane

49
Q

What do platelets do

A

Smallest cells in blood that relate chemicals to make the blood clot when cut

50
Q

What does haemoglobin do

A

When there is a high concentration of oxygen in the surroundings, it loads oxygen. Like I’m the lungs and It turns into oxyhaemoglobin. When the oxygen concentration is low like in the body , oxyhaemoglobin turns back into haemoglobin and unloads the oxygen

51
Q

What does blood transport in mammals

A

Oxygen from lungs to other body parts .
Carbon dioxide from all parts of body to the lungs .
Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body.
Urea from the liver to the kidneys
Hormones antibodies
Heat

52
Q

Why do unicellar organisms not need a transport system

A

Materials can move around the cell without a system . Oxygen is maintained through surface membrane of cell. They have a high surface are to volume ratio. Their cell surface membrane Area is a large enough area to supply all the oxygen that the volume demands.

53
Q

Why do you large animals need a circularTory system

A

They cannot get all their oxygen through their surface because there isn’t enough surface to supply the volume of oxygen. So they have special gas exchange organs and circularTory system

54
Q

Why have atria got thin walls

A

To be stretched so they can receive blood but can contract with enough force to push blood through bicuspid and tricuspid valves

55
Q

How does the heart rate change under adrenaline

A

Heart beats faster and sends more blood to muscles and blood is diverted away from intestine to muscles adrenal glands seceret adrenaline

56
Q

How is the heart rate made higher during exercise

A

Muscle contraction requires energy and more co2 is being produced by cells and transportes to lungs in blood. Sensors in aorta detect co2 concentration of blood and send impulses to the medulla in the brain sends impulses down the accelerator nerve to the heart. This increased heart rate

57
Q

What increases during excercuse or under adrenaline

A

Heart rate and stroke volume ( amount of blood pumped with each beat)

58
Q

How do white blood cells ingest pathogens

A

They change their shape and produce pseudophia and surround the bacterium and enclose it in a vacuole . Once inside the phagocyte secretes enzymes to break the microorganism down

59
Q

What are memory cells

A

Lymphocytes develop into memory cells that remain in the blood for many years and if the microorganism re infects the memory lymphocytes start to reproduce and produce antibodies so the pathogen can be quickly dealt with . This response is much faster and the antibodies in the blood quickly rises to the number needed to kill the pathogen before it has time to multiply to a point where it can cause disease

60
Q

What is vaccination

A

A person is injected with an a gent that carries the same antigens as. Disease causing pathogen . Lymphocytes recognise the antigens and produce memory cells that make the person immune to the disease

61
Q

What happens when we cut ourselves

A

Exposure to air stimulates the platelets and damaged tissue to produce a chemical . This chemical causes the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to change into insoluble fibres of fibrin that forms a network across the wound where the blood cells are trapped . This forms a clot whuch prevents further loss of blood and the entry of pathogens . The clot develops into a scab which protects the damaged tissue while new skin grows

62
Q

Why do people living at high altitudes have more red blood cells

A

More red blood cells allows them to take in more oxygen as the air is thinner

Biology Year 10 (5 decks)

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