The Circulatory System Flashcards
What is coronary heart disease
Coronery arteries are the narrowest in the. Body and are easily blocked by a buildup of fatty substances including cholesterol in their walls. This can cut off The blood supply to an area of cardiac muscle. The affected muscle is unable to contract and a heart attack results. Heart has to work harder to pump blood as the blood pressure is increased
What are the coronary arteries
Takes oxygenated blood to the heart
What are factors that make chd more likely
Smoking - raises blood pressure and makes blood clots more likely to form
What does chd do to heart
Less blood goes to heart and there is less oxygen in the boding meaning less respiration of muscles . It causes strain and heart attacck
What happens with carbon monoxide in the blood
Co to enteres bloodstream and combines with haemoglobun to form carboxyhaemoglobin instead of oxygHaemoglobin reducing the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood . Heart has to work harder to pump the blood around the body
What is artheroscelerosis
Build of fatty materials in the artery walls that makes arteries thinner and less space for blood pumped through
What does nicotine do
Increased blood pressure which can cause blood vessels to burst
What is the circuit that links the heart to the lungs
Pulmonary circulation
What is the circuit that links the heart to the body
Systemic circulation
What is double circulation better than single circulation
More efficient as it lumps blood twice so higher pressures can be maintained and blood travels quicker to organs . Blood can be pumped at low pressure to lungs but can then be pumped to body at high pressure to get it around quicker
Where does blood go after intestines
Heptatic portal vein to liver that extracts the waste and detoxifies the blood before it goes to the body
Aorta
Heart to rest of body . High oxygen concentration low glucose
Vena cava
Rest of body to heart
Low oxygen and glucose
Pulmonary artery
Heart to lungs low oxygen low glucose
Pulmonary vein
Lungs to heart high oxygen
Renal artery
Kidneys to sex organs and legs
High oxygen and glucose
Renal vein
Kidneys to heart low oxygen high glucose
Hepatic artery
Heart to liver low oxygen high glucose
Hepatic vein
Liver to heart low oxygen high glucose
Hepatic portal vein
Digestive system liver
Low oxygen
High glucose
Carotid artery
Heart to brain high oxygen high glucose
Jugular vein
Brain to heart low oxygen low glucose
What are arteries like
all Cary oxygenated blood except pulmonary artery . Thick walk with muscle Fibres and elastic tissue allows the walls to stretch and recoil to help push blood along . Small lumen high pressure
What are veins like
All carry deoxygenated blood except pulmonary vein . Lower blood pressure than arteries . Veins must allow blood to pass through easily so have a large lumen . Veins must be able to prevent blood flow in the wrong direction and have valves to prevent backflow. They have thin walls with little muscle and elastic tissue
What are capillaries
Carry blood through organs bringing blood close to very cell in the organ
What are capillaries like
Small to fit between cells and allow materials to pass through their walls easily . There wall is one cell thick
How would An antibiotic get to the body
Tube connected to the patient through a vein in the arm because gains have lower pressure. Travels to heart through the largest vein in the body called the supierior venacava. Enters right atrium passes to the right ventricle and is then pumped to lungs in pulmonary artery.returns to heart and then leaves through the aorta , the largest artery, . Antibiotic is carried to tissues and leaves smallest blood vessels , the capillaries and kills the bacteria
What do heart strings do
Stop the valve flipping inside out during ventricle systole
What tells the heart to contact
Modified nerve cells send electrical impulses that cause heart to contract
What happens during diastole
Atria and ventricle walls relax. Pressure drops . Pressure of ventricles falls below pressure of arteries but semi lunar valves prevent backflow into ventricle . Nothing contracts but blood flows in through the vena cabs and pulmonary vein. Walls of atria expand to hold the blood.
What happens during atrial systole
Muscles of atria walls contract . Volume of atria decreases ,pressure increases . Pressure in atrium is greater than pressure in ventricle . Av valves open and blood flows into ventricles . Atria contract blood pressure increases
Ventricular systole
Muscle of ventricle walls contract. Volume of ventricle decreases so pressure increases. Pressure of ventricles becomes greater than pressure in atria. Tricuspid valve is closed and av valves close preventing backflow into atria . The ventricle contracts semi lunar valves open and blood enters arteries
What does it mean to be immune
To have the antibodies for the pathogen
How does vaccine make immune
Creates memory cells to combat disease as vaccine contains antigens from the pathogen or dead pathogen . Lymphocytes create the correct antibody for the pathogen . It’s artificial and active
What are natural ways of immunity
Breast milk contains antibodies and antibodies pass through umbilical cord to baby
What is a passive artificial way of becoming immune
Antivenom , injection of pure antibodies in
What is in a vaccine
An agent that carries the same antigens as a disease causing pathogen or a dead pathogen
Why is there a new flu jab every year
New strands of fly have different antigens as the virus mutates
What shape are red blood cells
In a bioncave disk and don’t have a nucleus and contain lots of haemoglobin.
What is haemoglobin
A protein that transports oxygen made out of iron atoms
What is plasma
Mostly water and transports hormones , dissolved co2 , nutrients (amino acids), heat energy and urea
What are pathogens
Organisms that cause disease- all viruses , some bacteria , some protoctists and some funghi
What are phagocytes
White blood cells that engulf and kill pathogens
What do lymphocytes do
Release antibodies specific to an antigen on the pathogen
Why are people with anemia tired
Lack of iron and can’t make enough haemoglobin this causes them to become tired As their blood cannot transport enough oxygen to meet their bodies need
What do antibodies do
Antibodies are soluble proteins that pass into the plasma. Pathogens have antigens on their surface which the antibodies recognise and stick to the antigens to destroy the pathogen by-
Causing bacteria to stick together making it easier for the phagocyte to engulf , acting as a label for the phagocyte , causing bacterial cells to burst open and neutralising toxins produced by Pathogens
What are blood types
All cells have antigens on their surface different blood types have different antigens
Why do red blood cells have a bioncave shape
Allows efficient exchange of oxygen in and out of the cell due to high surface area to volume ratio , thin cell centre and thin membrane
What do platelets do
Smallest cells in blood that relate chemicals to make the blood clot when cut
What does haemoglobin do
When there is a high concentration of oxygen in the surroundings, it loads oxygen. Like I’m the lungs and It turns into oxyhaemoglobin. When the oxygen concentration is low like in the body , oxyhaemoglobin turns back into haemoglobin and unloads the oxygen
What does blood transport in mammals
Oxygen from lungs to other body parts .
Carbon dioxide from all parts of body to the lungs .
Nutrients from the gut to all parts of the body.
Urea from the liver to the kidneys
Hormones antibodies
Heat
Why do unicellar organisms not need a transport system
Materials can move around the cell without a system . Oxygen is maintained through surface membrane of cell. They have a high surface are to volume ratio. Their cell surface membrane Area is a large enough area to supply all the oxygen that the volume demands.
Why do you large animals need a circularTory system
They cannot get all their oxygen through their surface because there isn’t enough surface to supply the volume of oxygen. So they have special gas exchange organs and circularTory system
Why have atria got thin walls
To be stretched so they can receive blood but can contract with enough force to push blood through bicuspid and tricuspid valves
How does the heart rate change under adrenaline
Heart beats faster and sends more blood to muscles and blood is diverted away from intestine to muscles adrenal glands seceret adrenaline
How is the heart rate made higher during exercise
Muscle contraction requires energy and more co2 is being produced by cells and transportes to lungs in blood. Sensors in aorta detect co2 concentration of blood and send impulses to the medulla in the brain sends impulses down the accelerator nerve to the heart. This increased heart rate
What increases during excercuse or under adrenaline
Heart rate and stroke volume ( amount of blood pumped with each beat)
How do white blood cells ingest pathogens
They change their shape and produce pseudophia and surround the bacterium and enclose it in a vacuole . Once inside the phagocyte secretes enzymes to break the microorganism down
What are memory cells
Lymphocytes develop into memory cells that remain in the blood for many years and if the microorganism re infects the memory lymphocytes start to reproduce and produce antibodies so the pathogen can be quickly dealt with . This response is much faster and the antibodies in the blood quickly rises to the number needed to kill the pathogen before it has time to multiply to a point where it can cause disease
What is vaccination
A person is injected with an a gent that carries the same antigens as. Disease causing pathogen . Lymphocytes recognise the antigens and produce memory cells that make the person immune to the disease
What happens when we cut ourselves
Exposure to air stimulates the platelets and damaged tissue to produce a chemical . This chemical causes the soluble plasma protein fibrinogen to change into insoluble fibres of fibrin that forms a network across the wound where the blood cells are trapped . This forms a clot whuch prevents further loss of blood and the entry of pathogens . The clot develops into a scab which protects the damaged tissue while new skin grows
Why do people living at high altitudes have more red blood cells
More red blood cells allows them to take in more oxygen as the air is thinner
