Clasification And Ecosystems

Question 1

Features of animals

Answer 1

Multicellular , heterotrophs , no cell wall or chloroplasts

Carbohydrate is stored as gylcogen they have nervous coordination

Question 2

Features of Plants

Answer 2

Multicellular autotrophs (feed themselves ), have chloroplasts vacuole and cell wall made of cellulose , store carbohydrate as Strath, sucrose is transported around the plant

Question 3

Features of funghi

Answer 3

Both uni and multi cellular
Saprotrophic (extracellukar enzymes are secretes onto food ) no chloroplasts but have cell walls made of chitin
Store carbohydrate as glycogen
Example is yeast and mucor
Body organised into a mycelium made of hyphae which contain nuclei
Mushroom is the sex organ

Question 4

Features of protoctists

Answer 4

Most are single called organism

E.g algae amobea

Question 5

Features of bacteria

Answer 5

Single cell organisms which have a loop of DNA . All are surrounded by a cell wall made of peptidoglycan which protects the bacterium and keeps the shape of the cell . Some species have another layer outside this called a slime layer . Some bacteria can swim and are propelled by flagella . Bacteria have plasmids in the cytoplasm which are small circular rings of DNA carting some of the bacterium genes . Some bacteria contain chlorophyll and can photosynthesis .
E.g e.coli salmonella

Question 6

What do many funghi and bacteria do

Answer 6

They are important decomposes which recycle dead organism and waste Products in the soil

Question 7

Features of viruses

Answer 7

They are non living parasites that can only reproduce inside living cells . It is composed of a core of genetic material (DNA or rna ) surrounded by a protein coat . A virus enters a host cell and hijacks the hosts genetic machinery to produce more viruses
E.g HIV influenza

Question 8

What is classification

Answer 8

Putting organism into groups based on shared charchteristics and evolutionary history .

Question 9

What do ecologists use to identify species

Answer 9

Dichotomous keys

Question 10

What is a species

Answer 10

Similar behaviour , biochemistry , morphology , can reproduce fertile offspring as in meiosis chromosomes line up and this cannot happen jn cross species so they therefore can’t produce fertile offspring .

Question 11

What is the scientific name made out of

Answer 11

Genus and species

Genus must be capitalised and the name must be in italics

Question 12

What is the classification hierarchy

Answer 12

Kingdom , phylum , class , order , family , genus , species

Question 13

What is an ecosystem

Answer 13

A distinct self supporting system of organism interacting with each other and with a physical environment .
Consist of producers consumer decomposers and a physical environment . The interaction between biotic and abiotic factors in an area

Question 14

What are producers

Answer 14

Plants which photosynthesise to produce food

Question 15

What are consumers

Answer 15

Animals that eat plants or other animals

Question 16

What are decomposes

Answer 16

Decay dead material and help to recycle nutrients

Question 17

What is the physical environment

Answer 17

Total sum of non biological (non living ) components of the ecosystem

Question 18

What is a habitat

Answer 18

A place where specific organism live

Question 19

What is the population

Answer 19

The number of individuals of a particular species found in an ecosystem at anyone time

Question 20

What is the community

Answer 20

The population of all species found in a particular ecosystem living together

Question 21

What is a niche

Answer 21

The role of an organism in an ecosystem

Question 22

Producers

Answer 22

Are the autotrophs like plants they are always at the bottom of the food chain

Question 23

Consumers

Answer 23

Heterotrophs anything that consumes other organism

Question 24

What are trophic levels

Answer 24

Different stages in a food chain

Question 25

What is the top carnivore

Answer 25

Something that nothing eats

Question 26

What does a food chain tell us

Answer 26

Feeding relationships in an ecosystem

Question 27

What does a pyramid of number show

Answer 27

Represents the number of organism in each trophic level

Question 28

What does a pyramid of biomass show

Answer 28

The total dry mass of living matter at each trophic level . These are always in a triangle

Question 29

Why are they pyramid shaped

Answer 29

Some parts of the grass arent eaten Some parts aren't digested Many are respires to release energy Only a small fraction of grass material ends up in the rabbit . Similar loses are repeated at each stage in the food chain

Question 30

Why is it ineffecitent for humans to eat meat

Answer 30

Beacuse the energy has passed through 2 steps by the time it reaches humans . And at each step the amount of available energy has decreased

Question 31

How much energy is passed on through the food chain

Answer 31

Only 10% which is why food chains never have more than 5 links .

Question 32

What are the stages of eutrophication

Answer 32

1) farmers add nitrate containing fertilisers to their soil 2) when it rains nitrates dissolve beacuse they are soluble 3) water runs off the field and the nitrates are leached into lakes and streams 4) algae growth increased rapidly - there is an algal bloom 5) plants die beacuse the sunlight can't reach them and they therefore can't photosynthesis 6) bacteria decompose the dead plant and reproduce 7) aerobic respiration from the bacteria during decay means the water is anoxic and all life dies

Question 33

What does denitrifying bacteria do

Answer 33

Uses nitrates as an energy source and converts them into nitrogen gas this reduces the amount of mitiguen in the soil

Question 34

Why is nitrogen important

Answer 34

All amino acids have nitrogen and therefore all protein and enzymes need nitrogen . All nucleotides contain a nitrogenous base so all DNA requires nitrogen

Question 35

How is nitrogen taken into the food chain

Answer 35

Nitrogen fixation - converts n2 which is inert due to strong covalent bonds has into a useable form - amonia - nitrates - nitrates Then assimilation Plants take up nitrogen and convert it into Amino acids and DNA Animals eat plants and the ready made amino acid and DNA

Question 36

What is nitrogen fixation

Answer 36

Nitrogen gas is converted by free living nitrogen fixing bacteria into amoniaco

Question 37

What is nitrification

Answer 37

Amonia is converted by nitrifying bacteria into nitrite and then nitrate

Question 38

How else can you obtain nitrogen

Answer 38

``` Lightning turns 02 +n2 into nitrite. Haber process turns nitrogen into amonia Organic fertiliser ( manure , compost ) ```

Question 39

How do plants assimilate the nitrates and amonia

Answer 39

Take them up in the roots of the plant and convert them into amino acids and nucleotides . They have long root hair cells to maximise surface area for a greater uptake of nutrients .

Question 40

What have legumes got

Answer 40

Root modules which have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen fixing bacteria ( rhizobium ) that exchange amonia to the plant in exchange for carbohydrates . Legumes have lots of protein because of this . Farmers take advantage of theirs by crop rotation

Question 41

How does organic nitrogen get into the soil

Answer 41

Death or excretion in urea it is the amonified by decomposers

Question 42

How is carbon fixed

Answer 42

Photosynthesis fixes carbon into atoms in carbohydrates , lipids , proteins and plants

Question 43

How is carbon passed down

Answer 43

Death or excretion releases carbon atoms in organic compounds decomposers return carbon to the atmosphere as CO2 , if this is not possible the plant or animal material will become fossilised into fossil fuels in the future for combustion

Question 44

How is carbon given into the air

Answer 44

Respiration releases CO2 and so does combustion

Question 45

How is carbon passed down a good chain

Answer 45

By feeding and assimilation

Question 46

What is the water cycle driven by

Answer 46

Heat from the sun which evaporates water from the surface of the oceans lakes and rivers .

Question 47

What releases water into air

Answer 47

Transpiration and respiration of organisms releases water vapour into air

Question 48

How does water vapour come down

Answer 48

Clouds rise over mountains and high ground and cool and water condenses to form rain or snow and this falls as precipitation on the earth where it is taken up by animals or plants or eneters rivers and flows to sea to start the cycle again

Question 49

How do carbon atoms get into humans

Answer 49

Feeding asimmilation , carbon from carbohydrates lipids and proteins

Question 50

What do carbon decomposers do

Answer 50

Release c02 into atmosphere by respiration