The Circulatory System Flashcards
____________ are essential for transporting nutrients, gases, and waste products between cells and tissues of an organism.
Circulatory systems
Type of Circulatory System where blood is pumped into open spaces and directly exchanges nutrients and gases with tissues.
Open Circulatory System
Type of Circulatory System where blood is enclosed within blood vessels, maintaining separation from interstitial fluid.
Closed Circulatory System
Advantages of an Open Circulatory System
Simplicity and lower energy cost, suitable for organisms with low metabolic demands.
Disadvantages of an Open Circulatory System
Less efficient at controlling blood flow and pressure, limiting metabolic rates and the capacity to sustain high levels of activity.
Advantages of an Closed Circulatory System
More efficient nutrient and gas transport, better suited for higher metabolic demands.
Disadvantages of an Closed Circulatory System
Requires more energy to maintain and regulate the system.
Organisms with an Open Circulatory System
Found in arthropods, mollusks, and some other invertebrates.
Organisms with a Closed Circulatory System:
Found in vertebrates, cephalopods, and some other advanced organisms.
a fluid similar to blood bathes the organs directly, without being confined to blood vessels. (Open Circulatory System)
Hemolymph
Evolutionary Significance:
The transition from open to closed circulatory systems is significant because it __________________________ of larger and more active organisms.
It allows more control over blood flow and efficient nutrient transport, which is critical for sustaining _____________ (warm-blooded) organisms.
supports the higher metabolic needs
endothermic
A condition where the arteries become narrowed and hardened due to plaque buildup, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. (Circulatory Diseases)
Atherosclerosis
Persistent high blood pressure can lead to heart failure, kidney disease, and stroke. (Circulatory Diseases)
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
The heart’s inability to pump blood effectively, leading to fluid buildup in tissues and organs. (Circulatory Diseases)
Heart Failure
Blood clots that form in deep veins and travel to the lungs, causing serious health complications. (Circulatory Diseases)
Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Embolism
Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes, Plasmodium parasites infect red blood cells, leading to fever, anemia, and in severe cases, death. (Bloodborne Parasites)
Plasmodium spp. (Malaria)
These parasites are transmitted by tsetse flies and kissing bugs, respectively, and cause severe heart and neurological damage in humans. (Bloodborne Parasites)
Trypanosoma spp. (African Trypanosomiasis and Chagas Disease)
Blood flukes that infect the blood vessels, causing damage to the liver, intestines, and urinary system. (Bloodborne Parasites)
Schistosoma spp. (Schistosomiasis)
Malaria is transmitted by _________ mosquitoes
Anopheles
Simple animals like cnidarians have a __________ that serves both digestive and circulatory functions. The body wall is typically just two cells thick, allowing nutrients to diffuse directly to cells.
gastrovascular cavity
Insects and crustaceans possess an __________ . Hemolymph, the circulatory fluid, is pumped by the heart into the body cavity, bathing the organs directly. This system is less efficient than closed systems but suffices for the metabolic needs of smaller organisms.
open circulatory system
Molluscs like snails, squids, and octopuses have a _________. While most molluscs have an open system, cephalopods (e.g., squids and octopuses) have a ________________, which supports their high metabolic needs and active lifestyles.
mixed system, closed circulatory system
Fish possess a ____________ with a _____-chambered heart consisting of one atrium and one ventricle. Blood flows in one direction: from the heart to the gills (to exchange gases) and then to the rest of the body.
single circulatory system, two
Amphibians like frogs have a three-chambered heart, with ___ atria and ___
ventricle. Blood is pumped into two circuits: the ___________ (lungs and
skin) and the _____________
two atria , one ventricle, pulmocutaneous circuit, systemic circuit
Most reptiles have a three-chambered heart (except crocodiles which have a four-
chambered heart). They exhibit _________, where the blood circulates through two separate circuits: the _________ (lungs) and the ________ (body).
double circulation, pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit
Both mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart, completely separating
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. The heart is divided into a ____________ (receiving deoxygenated blood and pumping it to the lungs) and a _________ (receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumping it to the body).
right side, left side
Transmitted by the triatomine bug, this disease affects the heart, digestive system, and nervous system. Chronic infection can lead to heart failure and digestive complications.
Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
This disease is caused by parasitic worms that infect the blood vessels of the liver,
intestines, and urinary system, leading to long-term health issues such as liver damage and bladder cancer.
Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp.)
This disease is transmitted through the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. It is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
Malaria (Plasmodium spp.)
